Novel catalysts for improved methanol production using carbon dioxide dehydrogenation

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are a major contributor to global warming, highlighting the pressing need for emission reduction measures. Consequently, there is a growing exploration of alternatives to fossil fuels, the primary source of CO₂ emissions. Methanol emerges as a versatile and cost-effective fuel, offering a promising alternative to conventional transportation fuels. Furthermore, in efforts to mitigate the impact of these emissions, there has been significant attention directed towards CO₂ capture and utilization technologies. These innovative approaches involve capturing CO₂ from the atmosphere and converting it into value-added products. Methanol synthesis via CO₂ hydrogenation stands out as a particularly promising method among these technologies.

For methanol synthesis via CO₂ hydrogenation, lower reaction temperatures are preferable since heat is released during the reaction. Accordingly, studies have focused on the development of catalysts that exhibit high activities at low temperatures. Copper-zinc oxide (Cu-ZnO) based catalysts are particularly favorable for this purpose due to their ability to form a Cu-ZnO interface that binds and converts CO₂ into formate intermediates which, in turn, promote methanol production. Increasing the surface area of this interface is an effective way to improve production, which can be achieved by increasing the dispersion of Cu nanoparticles. However, Cu nanoparticles are thermally unstable, which aggregate during catalyst preparation and reaction, thus reducing the interface area. Furthermore, the formation of water as a by-product of methanol synthesis accelerates Cu aggregation and inhibits formate formation.

To address these issues, a team of researchers, led by Professor Teruoki Tago from the Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology at Tokyo Institute of Technology, developed novel Silicalite-1 (S-1) encapsulated Cu-ZnO catalysts. "Research indicates that encapsulating metals within porous carriers like silica or zeolite effectively mitigates thermal aggregation. Therefore, our focus shifted to developing a novel and efficient Cu-based catalyst for methanol production via CO₂ hydrogenation, placing particular emphasis on encapsulating Cu nanoparticles within porous materials.," explained Tago. Their study was made available online on February 21, 2024, and published formally in Volume 485 of the Chemical Engineering Journal on April 1, 2024. The EU supported the project through their Horizon2020 Framework and the Japan Science and Technology Agency through SCICORP (Laurelin project).

The researchers fabricated two types of catalysts, one including a Cu/S-1 catalyst in which copper was loaded onto hydrophobic S-1 by impregnation, and the other Cu@S-1 catalyst, in which a Cu phyllosilicate (CuPS) powder was used as a metal source to encapsulate Cu particles in the S-1 zeolite. Cu@S-1 was prepared by reducing dissolved CuPS powder. The researchers investigated the dissolution time of the CuPS precursors on the catalyst properties, revealing that inappropriate dissolution times significantly affect the size of Cu particles. Optimal dissolution of the precursor resulted in a catalyst with approximately 2.4-nanometer Cu particles encapsulated within S-1, exhibiting optimal catalytic activity. This catalyst demonstrated higher hydrogenation activity and methanol production than Cu/S-1.

To further improve methanol production, ZnO was added to Cu@S-1 by impregnation, forming ZnO/Cu@S-1 catalyst with fine Cu particles. This catalyst demonstrated even higher activity, suggesting the formation of the Cu-ZnO interface. "Our findings indicate that the encapsulation structure with S-1 effectively suppresses thermal aggregation of Cu particles, while simultaneously facilitating the rapid elimination of the water byproduct from the vicinity of the Cu-ZnO interface, thus enhancing methanol synthesis," remarked Tago.

Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the innovative encapsulation method for preparing highly active catalysts, offering a promising avenue for efficient methanol production from CO₂.