Robots, monitoring and healthy ecosystems could halve pesticide use without hurting productivity

In keeping with the age-old saying: 'prevention is better than a cure' more sustainable approaches should await the farmers of the future without compromising their productivity, as envisioned by the researchers leading the recently launched One Crop Health research project.

Backed by DKK 60 million (€8.05M) from Novo Nordisk, researchers from University of Copenhagen will gather knowledge over the next six years to develop smarter agriculture that is both sustainable and able to produce enough food for the world's growing population in a collaboration with researchers from Aarhus University and Rothamsted Research in the UK.

For many years, growers have relied on pesticides to control disease, pests and weeds, which lead to worldwide losses of one-third of crop yield. At the same time, estimates show that we will need 60% more food than today by 2050.

However, pesticides also threaten health, nature and biodiversity, and there is increasing pressure from society and politicians to limit their use. Recently the desire for healthier and more sustainable crops resulted in EU policy plans for a 50% reduction in pesticides by 2030. These plans have now been set on pause after being challenged by farmers concerned that pesticide reduction could make farming unviable by hurting productivity.

So, can growers halve their use of pesticides without the profession becoming unproductive and the world running out of food or? This is the central question that One Crop Health seeks to answer.

Making pesticide reduction profitable for farmers

"The political controversy, farmer and industry concern, and the uncertainty over regulation clearly shows that more research is needed to enable this transition. Most farmers actually want to use less pesticides, but there is a need for research that demonstrates how this is possible whilst maintaining healthy, high-yielding, and profitable crops. The One Crop Health project aims to bridge the gap by developing research, which places the drive to reduce pesticide use on a scientific foundation that will ultimately help farmers make the rational decision to help reduce pesticide use," says Professor Paul Neve from the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences

According to the project's lead researcher, making a viable transition is possible though, using a more holistic approach to farming.

"Generally the focus needs to move away from solving individual problems by way of a few blunt tools like pesticides. Oftentimes, this approach creates new problems elsewhere, which then also need to be addressed. Planting fields densely to avoid weeds is another example of this lack of oversight, where the misguided solution ends up creating the optimal conditions for fungi and diseases instead. We need to get better at understanding entire ecosystems and then make use of all of the modern tools available," says Professor Paul Neve.

"If we can create healthy ecosystems that will reduce the numbers of pests, weed and diseases, it will simply reduce the need for spraying. We can largely replace the remaining need with other tools, for example, AI-based monitoring and modelling can help to inform where and when pests need to be controlled and new solutions such as bio-pesticides can be used to achieve that," he says.

Natural defenses have been replaced with chemicals

The resilience that results from healthy ecosystems can reduce challenges that are currently solved by means like pesticides.

"Today's crops are characterized by attempts to make crop production more efficient for thousands of years. In the process, many crops have lost their natural defences against pests, weeds and diseases," explains Paul Neve.

According to the researcher, tomorrow's growers can get better at protecting their plants by looking at how things are done in nature. Here, helpful microorganisms like bacteria and fungi protect against diseases, and healthy crops are more competitive against weeds. At the same time, pests that threaten crops will be better controlled by their natural enemies.

"If you think of the field as an entire ecosystem that needs to thrive -- hence the name One Crop Health, we believe you get a preventive overall effect. At the same time, modern knowledge and technology can, for example, change the basic need for pesticides. Whereas entire fields are sprayed today, drone surveillance will allow us to only target where weeds are a threat to the crop, or not at all, and let robots do the work instead," says the professor.

100 farmers to help researchers

"Part of the project is about working with farmers, using their fields to discover smart solutions, so future agriculture can be based on the best possible knowledge," says Paul Neve.

In collaboration with 100 farms, and distributed equally across Denmark and England, they will begin by collecting data from scratch.

"We begin by asking farmers about their current challenges, how they will try to solve them and about what works and what doesn't. To this knowledge bank, we will add our professional knowledge of ecosystems, modern technologies and methods, and then the goal when the six years have passed is to be able to give a lot of knowledge and concrete methods back to farmers," says Paul Neve.

Drone data and models will predict field needs

The final prong in the effort to achieve a holistic understanding comes from broad knowledge and modern technologies that provide access.

In an interdisciplinary collaboration with the Department of Computer Science at University of Copenhagen, a group of computer scientists will translate information from surveillance with modern technologies such as drones, and on that basis design so-called digital twins of farmer's fields.

"They will provide a kind of model that can predict how fields will behave, the needs that are just around the corner and how different solutions will affect the fields," says Paul Neve.

In the second half of the six-year project, 11 Ph.D. students will develop knowledge about specific solutions within their respective focus areas.

"When the six years have passed, it is important for us that we have integrated data and new tools in a holistic way, providing farmers with concrete methods that they can use to solve their challenges in everyday life more sustainably without compromising productivity," Paul Neve concludes.