What makes a carrot orange?

"Normally, to make some function, you need genes to be turned on," said Massimo Iorizzo, an associate professor of horticultural science with North Carolina State University's Plants for Human Health Institute and co-corresponding author of a paper describing the work, published in Nature Plants. "In the case of the orange carrot, the genes that regulate orange carotenoids -- the precursor of vitamin A that have been shown to provide health benefits -- need to be turned off."

Carrots, especially orange carrots, contain high quantities of carotenoids, which can help reduce the risk of diseases like eye disease. The orange carrot is the most abundant plant source of pro-vitamin A in the American diet.

NC State researchers worked with colleagues from the University of Wisconsin-Madison to sequence 630 carrot genomes in a continuing examination of the history and domestication of the orange carrot; a 2016 study published in Nature Genetics by these researchers provided the first carrot genome sequence and uncovered the gene involved in the pigmentation of yellow carrot.

The researchers performed so-called selective sweeps -- structural analyses among five different carrot groups to find areas of the genome that are heavily selected in certain groups. They found that many genes involved in flowering were under selection -- mostly to delay the flowering process. Flowering causes the taproot, the edible root that we consume, to turn woody and inedible.

"We found many genes involved in flowering regulation that were selected in multiple populations in orange carrot, likely to adapt to different geographic regions," Iorizzo said.

The study also adds further evidence that carrots were domesticated in the 9th or 10th century in western and central Asia.

"Purple carrots were common in central Asia along with yellow carrots," Iorizzo said. "Both were brought to Europe, but yellow carrots were more popular, likely due to their taste."

Orange carrots made their appearance in western Europe in about the 15th or 16th century. The orange carrot may have resulted from crossing a white and yellow carrot, Iorizzo said.

"This study basically reconstructed the chronology of when carrot was domesticated and then orange carrot was selected," he said. "Orange carrot could have resulted from white and yellow carrot crosses, as white and yellow carrots are at the base of the phylogenetic tree for the orange carrot."

The color and sweeter flavor of the orange carrot drove its popularity and farmers selected for those traits. Different types of orange carrots were developed in northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, which matches the appearance of different shades of orange carrots in paintings from that era. Orange carrots later grew in popularity as greater understanding of alpha- and beta-carotenes, the precursor of vitamin A in the diet, progressed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

"Carotenoids got their name because they were first isolated from carrots," Iorizzo said.

Philipp Simon from the University of Wisconsin-Madison is the paper's co-corresponding author. Kevin Coe, Hamed Bostan, William Rolling, Sarah Turner-Hissong, Alicja Macko-Podgórni, Douglas Senalik, Su Liu, Romit Seth, Julien Curaba, Molla Fentie Mengist, Dariusz Grzebelus, Allen Van Deynze, Julie Dawson and Shelby Ellison co-authored the paper.

The research was supported by National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture (NIFA-USDA), under award numbers 2016-51181-25400, 2022-51181-38321 and Hatch project 1008691.