Tiny underwater sand dunes may shed light on larger terrestrial and Martian formations

Known as barchans, these formations are commonly found in various sizes and circumstances, from finger-length dunes on the ocean floor, to stadium-sized dunes in the Earth's deserts, to dunes that extend for a kilometer across the surface of Mars.

Until now, however, there has been a glaring lack of grain-scale computations of the growth and evolution of barchan dunes.

"In nature, these dunes may take years to form on Earth, or thousands of years to evolve on Mars, so typically, over the last few decades, numerical simulations have been conducted at large scales," said co-author Erick Franklin. "Computations tracking each grain were almost impossible. Our results show how to carry out computations to resolve, at the same time, the morphology of barchans, the grains' motion, and details of the fluid flow that influence the forces on each grain."

Using a CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics/discrete element method) approach, Franklin and his colleagues carried out simulations by applying the equations of motion to each grain in a pile being deformed by a fluid flow.

"We explored the different parameters involved in the numerical computations by performing exhaustive simulations using small dunes in aquatic environments and comparing them with experiments. We showed the ranges of values for the proper computation of barchan dunes down to the grain scale," said Franklin. "This study helps pave the way for further investigating the transmission of forces within the dunes and the motion of grains -- and for scaling up the subject so that larger dunes can now be investigated using high computational power."

Indeed, while Martian and terrestrial barchans influenced by wind occur on much larger time and length scales compared to aquatic cases, which occur in a matter of minutes and centimeters, they share many similar dynamics.

"With our results, research groups can now employ large computational resources to simulate barchans elsewhere that take place over decades or millennia," said Franklin. "This is relevant to geophysicists, hydrologists, climate scientists, and engineers, as it will help accurately predict the future of barchan fields on Earth and Mars and provide an account of their histories."