Mangroves: Environmental guardians of our coastline

The researchers found that grey mangroves (Avicennia marina) can tolerate high lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and copper in contaminated sediment -- without sustaining adverse health impacts themselves.

The study tested the health of grey mangroves living around the Port Pirie smelter. Using leaf chlorophyll content as a proxy to plant health, mangroves were found to be unaffected by metallic contaminants, despite lead and zinc levels being 60 and 151-fold higher than regulatory guidance values.

The findings highlight the vital role of mangroves in stabilising polluted regions, and the importance of protecting these 'coastal guardians' around the world.

The study also coincides with a $3 million federal government initiative to restore mangrove forests in Adelaide's north.

Dr Farzana Kastury from UniSA's Future Industries Institute says that ability of mangroves to withstand high metal concentrations make them invaluable in managing polluted environments.

"Mangroves are the ideal eco-defender: they protect our coastlines from erosion and sustain biodiversity, but they also have an incredible ability to trap toxic contaminants in their sediments," Dr Farzana says.

"Grey mangroves are known for their tolerance of potentially toxic elements, but until now, little has been known about the health of these plants in the Upper Spencer Gulf.

"Our research found that grey mangroves were able to adapt and survive exposure to very high levels of lead and zinc -- without adverse health effects in their chlorophyll content -- demonstrating how valuable they are to coastal ecosystems."

Other, ongoing work being done at Port Pirie by UniSA's Associate Professor Craig Styan suggests there may be 4-7 times more metals stored in the sediments in mangroves than in adjacent unvegetated mudflats. Assoc Prof Styan said that, generally, a greater concentration of metals found in sediments means greater contamination risk for the animals and plants living on/in them.

"The levels of bioavailable metals we measured in the surface sediments in mangrove stands are the same as adjacent mudflats, meaning that although mangroves storing significantly more metals this doesn't appear to increase the risk of contamination for the many animals that use mangrove habitats," Prof Styan says.

"People should nonetheless still refer to the SA Department of Health's advice if they are considering eating fish caught near the smelter."

Mangroves (along with tidal marshes and seagrasses) are part of the blue carbon ecosystem; when protected or restored, they sequester and store carbon, but when degraded or destroyed, they emit stored carbon into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.

Dr Kastury says understanding the role of mangrove forests in safely stabilising metallic contaminants in highly polluted areas is imperative -- not only for South Australian communities, but also around the world.

"Globally, over a third of mangrove forests have disappeared, mostly due to human impact such as reclaiming land for agriculture and industrial development and infrastructure projects," Dr Kastury says.

"We must protect our mangrove forests so that they can continue their job in protecting our environment."

Notes

• Globally, mangrove forest, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows store more than 30,000 teragrams (or 30 trillion kilograms) of carbon across 185 million hectares, potentially reducing around three per cent of global carbon emissions.
• In 1992, an oil spill from the Era, at Port Bonython, released 300 tonnes of bunker fuel was released into Spencer Gulf, with a small slick of condensate getting into the mangroves south of Port Pirie. Mangroves do very badly in oil spills, and you can still see the scars of where the oil landed to this day.