Gene that causes deadliest brain tumor also causes childhood cancers

The new discovery may open the door to the first targeted treatments for two types of rhabdomyosarcoma, a cancer of the soft tissue that primarily strikes young children.

The gene may also play an important role in other cancers that form in muscle, fat, nerves and other connective tissues in both children and adults, the research suggests.

"We accumulated multiple lines of evidence supporting [the gene] AVIL is powerful driver for both major types of rhabdomyosarcoma," said researcher Hui Li, PhD, of the University of Virginia School of Medicine's Department of Pathology and UVA Cancer Center. "The tumors are oncogene addicted to AVIL, which supports the rationale to design therapeutic interventions to target AVIL in this childhood cancer."

Rhabdomyosarcoma Oncogene

Li and his team discovered in 2020 that the gene AVIL is the oncogene (cancer-causing gene) responsible for glioblastoma, the most lethal form of brain cancer. Less than 7% of patients with glioblastoma survive five years after diagnosis.

Li's 2020 discovery was named one of the year's biggest biomedical discoveries by the editors of health news site STAT. Li's latest work builds on that research and suggests that AVIL is even more important than previously realized.

Malfunctions in AVIL, Li and his team found, play an essential role in the development of the two main subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma. In a scientific paper outlining the findings, he and his colleagues describe rhabdomyosarcoma as "addicted" to the gene's excess activity. They ultimately label AVIL a "bona fide oncogene" for rhabdomyosarcoma.

AVIL may be the convergence point for two different cellular processes that cause soft-tissue cells to become cancerous, the researchers note. Blocking the activity of AVIL, they found, prevented the formation of rhabdomyosarcoma in both cell samples in lab dishes and in mouse models of the disease.

That's a promising sign for the discovery's potential to lead to a new, targeted treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma, a cancer that is relatively rare but can be deadly. Even with multi-modal therapeutic interventions, the survival rate for high-risk children is less than 20%.

The new research also reveals that AVIL is excessively active in other cancers of the soft tissue, known as sarcomas. The scientists found that the degree of excess activity correlates with patient outcomes, suggesting that AVIL may be a vulnerability for those cancers as well.

"These findings plus our previous work in brain tumor suggest that AVIL is an oncogene that, when over-activated, may trigger the development of multiple cancer types," Li said.

Finding better ways to prevent and treat childhood cancer are urgent missions of UVA Cancer Center, which this year was designated a Comprehensive Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute. The designation recognizes elite cancer centers with the most outstanding cancer programs in the nation. UVA is one of just 52 Comprehensive Cancer Centers in the country and the only one in Virginia.

Childhood Cancer Findings Published

Li and his team have published their findings in the scientific journal PNAS. The team consisted of Zhongqiu Xie, Pawel L. Janczyk, Xinrui Shi, Qiong Wang, Sandeep Singh, Robert Cornelison, Jingjing Xu, James W. Mandell, Frederic G. Barr and Li.

The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute, grant R01CA240601, and by the NCI's Intramural Research Program. Patient-derived cell samples were provided by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and high-performance computing systems and services were provided by UVA's School of Data Science and other partners at UVA.