Yoyo stars responsible for off-center bubbles

Groups of stars often form together in clouds of cold hydrogen gas. The brightest and most massive stars ionize the surrounding gas, making it too hot to form new stars. In this way massive stars act as a feedback, shutting off new star formation. The role of these massive stars is important for understanding the overall process of star formation. But in many cases, such as the Orion Nebula, the ionized bubble is not centered on the most massive stars in the cluster. In order to form such off-center bubbles, ionizing light from the massive stars in the cluster must overcome the dense molecular gas in the cluster center and reach the outskirts of the cluster. One possibility is that scattered massive stars can punch a hole in the dense molecular gas in the central region to help off-center ionized bubbles get started.

A team of researchers led by Michiko Fujii at the University of Tokyo spent two years developing a simulation code which can accurately reproduce the motions of individual stars. They then simulated a case similar to the Orion Nebula using ATERUI II operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), the world's most powerful supercomputer dedicated to astronomy simulations.

"The velocity distribution of the stars in the simulation matches the result from observations." explains Yoshito Shimajiri, a research team member at NAOJ, "The simulations show that massive, bright, young stars can be ejected from the cluster through gravitational interactions with other stars."

Kohei Hattori also at NAOJ, who performed part of the analysis, continues, "Some of these ejected stars run away, never to return. In other cases, like what is observed in the Orion Nebula, a massive star can be thrown a distance from the cluster, where it initiates an ionized bubble, and then fall back into the cluster."

Fujii comments on the future potential of this research, "This simulation is not the limit of our simulation code. If we use a larger number of CPUs, it can treat even more massive star clusters. Next we want to undertake the first star-by-star star-cluster formation simulation of globular clusters, which are 100 times more massive than the star cluster we simulated in this study."

Video: https://youtu.be/bvKDx8tneUM