RNA ‘heroes’ can disarm bad-actor proteins in leukemia

The proteins, called METTL-3 and METTL-14, can alter the chemical structure of DNA -- the molecular vault in cells that stores a person's genetic information. This is a new understanding, said article senior author Yogesh Gupta, PhD, assistant professor of biochemistry at UT Health San Antonio's Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute. For 27 years since the discovery of METTL-3 and -14, scientists believed that the proteins could only alter a separate molecule called RNA, but not DNA, he said.

RNA molecules, which float inside cells either reading out DNA instructions to make proteins or influencing this process indirectly, can form different shapes such as hairpins. Dr. Gupta, lead author; Shan Qi, a PhD student in the Gupta lab; and the team observed that RNA of a certain structure like a hairpin can act as a glue that binds to METTL-3 and -14, preventing it from changing DNA's chemical structure.

"It is a desirable therapeutic target," Dr. Gupta said. "By uncovering the DNA-altering function of METTL-3 and -14 and learning that it can be regulated by certain RNAs, we provided information that will help in drug discovery research.

"Our next step is to understand DNA, RNA and METTL-3 and -14 interaction so that we can identify the areas on the proteins for the purpose of drug development," he said.

This work was supported by the Max and Minnie Tomerlin Voelcker Fund, the Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas, the Institute for Integration of Medicine and Science/Clinical and Translational Science Award, the Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas System and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R01AI161363).