‘Less than 1% probability’ that Earth’s energy imbalance increase occurred naturally

But for decades, that system has been out of balance. Sunlight continues to pour in, and Earth isn't releasing enough, either as reflected solar radiation or as emitted infrared radiation. The extra heat trapped around our globe -- some 90% of which is stored in the ocean -- adds energy to worldwide climate systems and manifests in many ways: higher temperatures, rising sea levels, floods, droughts, more powerful blizzards and hurricanes, and deadlier extreme events.

While climate scientists have warned for a half-century that this was the inevitable result of adding too much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, so-called climate deniers have continued to suggest that the observed changes might be a fluke -- just natural variation.

"Until now, scientists have believed that because of the short observational record, we can't deduce if the increase in the imbalance is due to humans or climatic 'noise,'" said Shiv Priyam Raghuraman, a graduate student in atmospheric and oceanic sciences (AOS) at Princeton. "Our study shows that even with the given observational record, it is almost impossible to have such a large increase in the imbalance just by Earth doing its own oscillations and variations."

He and his co-authors used satellite observations from 2001 to 2020 and found that Earth's "energy imbalance" is growing. Raghuraman worked with David Paynter of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), a NOAA-funded national laboratory located on Princeton's Forrestal Campus, and V. "Ram" Ramaswamy, director of GFDL and a lecturer with the rank of professor in geosciences and AOS at Princeton University. Their paper appears today in Nature Communications.

So what has caused the growing energy imbalance?

"We always think, 'Increasing greenhouse gases means trapping more infrared heat' -- the classic greenhouse effect becomes larger," said Raghuraman. "This is correct, but the flip side is that the resulting warmer planet now also radiates more infrared heat away to space, so the greenhouse gas heating impact is cancelled. Instead, much of the imbalance increase comes from the fact that we are receiving the same amount of sunlight but reflecting back less, because increased greenhouse gases cause cloud cover changes, less aerosols in the air to reflect sunlight -- that is, cleaner air over the U.S. and Europe -- and sea-ice decreases." (Bright white sea ice reflects much more sunlight than sea water, so as sea ice melts, Earth is becoming less reflective.)

In addition, the Princeton and GFDL researchers noted that oceans store 90% of this excess heat. Because of this close relationship between the growing energy imbalance and ocean heating, the Earth's energy imbalance has important connections to marine health, sea-level rise and the warming of the global climate system. The researchers hope that tracking the historical trends in this energy imbalance and understanding its components will improve the models of future climate change that drive policymaking and mitigation efforts.

"The satellite record provides clear evidence of a human-influenced climate system," they said. "Knowing that human activity is responsible for the acceleration of planetary heat uptake implies the need for significant policy and societal action to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to curb further increases in Earth's energy imbalance."