Novel pooled testing strategies can significantly better identify COVID-19 infections

"Our research adds another tool to the testing and public health toolbox," said Michael Mina, assistant professor of epidemiology at Harvard Chan School and associate member of the Broad. "For public health agencies and clinical laboratories that are performing testing under resource limitations -- which for COVID-19 is nearly every nation -- this new research demonstrates that we can gain much more testing power for both medical and public health use with the same or even fewer resources than are currently being utilized."

The team's research was published online in Science Translational Medicine.

"Our work helps quantify pooled testing's tradeoffs between losses in sensitivity from sample dilution and gains in efficiency," said Brian Cleary, a Broad Fellow at the Broad and a co-corresponding author with Mina, Harvard Chan School postdoctoral research fellow James Hay, and Broad core institute member Aviv Regev (now at Genentech). "We show how to identify simple strategies that require no expertise to implement and that result in the greatest number of infections identified on a fixed budget."

By identifying infected individuals so that they can be treated or isolated, SARS-CoV-2 testing is a powerful tool for curbing the COVID-19 pandemic and safely reopening schools and businesses. But limited and sometimes costly testing throughout the pandemic has hampered diagnosing individuals and has hamstrung public health efforts to curtail the virus's spread.

Pooled testing, in which multiple individual samples are processed at once, could be a powerful tool to increase testing efficiency. If a pooled test comes back negative, all samples in that pool are considered negative, thus eliminating the need for further testing. If a pooled sample is positive, the individual samples within that testing group need to be tested again separately to identify which specific samples are positive. Although pooled testing has been implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, its usefulness is curtailed when the pathogen is widespread in a community. Under those circumstances, most pooled samples could be positive and require additional testing to identify the positive individuals in each pool. This confirmatory testing eliminates any efficiencies gained by pooled testing.

To identify ways to make pooled testing more useful during widespread outbreaks, the team developed a model for how quantities of viral RNA -- which are used to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection -- vary across infected people in the population during an outbreak. This gave the researchers a very detailed picture of how test sensitivity is affected by pool size and SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. They then used the model to identify optimal pooled testing strategies under different scenarios. Using the model, testing efforts could be tailored to the available resources in a community so as to maximize the number of infections identified using as few tests as possible. Even in labs with substantial resource constraints, the team created simple pooled testing schemes that could identify as many as 20 times more infected individuals per day compared with individual testing.

"Our work is a powerful study for evaluating pooled testing as a public health rather than purely clinical tool for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens, too," said Hay.

Harvard Chan School researcher Madikay Senghore also contributed to the study.

This research was funded by the Broad Institute, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (#U54GM088558), National Institutes of Health (1DP5OD028145-01), Wharton School, and National Science Foundation (IIS 1837992).