Why some older adults remember better than others

"Some individuals exhibit remarkable maintenance of memory function throughout late adulthood, whereas others experience significant memory decline. Studying these differences across individuals is critical for understanding the complexities of brain aging, including how to promote resilience and longevity," said Alexandra Trelle, a postdoctoral research fellow at Stanford University.

Building on studies that have focused on young populations, Trelle and colleagues are investigating memory recall in healthy, older adults as part of the Stanford Aging and Memory Study. In new research, published May 29 in eLife, this team has found that memory recall processes in the brains of older adults can look very similar to those previously observed in the brains of young adults. However, for those seniors who had more trouble remembering, evidence for these processes was noticeably diminished.

By gaining a better understanding of memory function in older adults, these researchers hope to someday enable earlier and more precise predictions of when memory failures signal increased risk for dementia.

A striking similarity

When Anthony Wagner, the Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences at Stanford's School of Humanities and Sciences, was a graduate student at Stanford in the '90s, he conducted some of the first fMRI studies of memory formation. At that time, state-of-the-art imaging and analysis technologies only allowed measurement of the magnitude of activity from a centimeter-and-a-half section of the brain.

In contrast, the current study measured activity from the whole brain at high-resolution, and analyses not only focused on the magnitude of activity but also on the memory information that is contained in patterns of brain activity.

"It's exciting to have basic science tools that allow us to witness when a memory is being replayed in an individual mind and to draw on these neural processes to explain why some older adults remember better than others," said Wagner, who is senior author of the paper. "As a graduate student, I would never have predicted that we would do this kind of science someday."

In the experiment, 100 participants between the ages of 60 and 82 had their brains scanned as they studied words paired with pictures of famous people and places. Then, during a scanned memory test, they were prompted with words they had seen and asked to recall the associated picture. The memory test was designed to assess one's ability to remember specific associations between elements of an event, a form of memory that is often disproportionately affected by aging.

In the scans, the researchers observed that the brain processes that support remembering in older adults resemble those in younger populations: when people remember, there is an increase in hippocampal activity -- a brain structure long known to be important for remembering events -- along with the reinstatement of activity patterns in the cortex that were present when the event was initially experienced. That is, remembering entails neural time travel, replaying patterns that were previously established in the brain.

"It was striking that we were able to replicate this moment-to-moment relationship between hippocampal activity, replay in the cortex, and memory recall, which has previously been observed only in healthy younger adults," said Trelle, who is lead author of the paper. "In fact, we could predict whether or not an individual would remember at a given moment in time based on the information carried in patterns of brain activity."

The researchers found that, on average, recall ability declined with age. Critically, however, regardless of one's age, stronger hippocampal activity and replay in the cortex was linked to better memory performance. This was true not only for the memory test conducted during the scan but also memory tests administered on a different day of the study. This intriguing finding suggests that fMRI measures of brain activity during memory recall are tapping into stable differences across individuals, and may provide a window into brain health.

Only the beginning

This research lays the foundation for many future investigations of memory in older adults in the Stanford Aging and Memory Study cohort. These will include work to further detail the process of memory creation and recall, studies of change in memory performance over time, and research that pairs fMRI studies with other kinds of health data, such as changes in brain structure and the build-up of proteins in the brain that are linked to Alzheimer's disease.

The ultimate aim is to develop new and sensitive tools to identify individuals who are at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease before significant memory decline occurs.

"We're beginning to ask whether individual differences in the ability to mentally travel back in time can be explained by asymptomatic disease that impacts the brain and predicts future clinical diagnosis," said Wagner. "We're hopeful that our work, which requires rich collaborations across disciplines, will inform clinical problems and advance human health."

Additional Stanford co-authors include Valerie A. Carr, former postdoctoral research fellow; Scott A. Guerin, former research associate; Monica K. Thieu, former research coordinator; Manasi Jayakumar, former research coordinator; Wanjia Guo, former research coordinator; Ayesha Nadiadwala, former research coordinator; Nicole K. Corso, research coordinator; Madison P. Hunt, research coordinator; Celia P. Litovsky, former research coordinator; Natalie J. Tanner, former research coordinator; Gayle K. Deutsch, clinical professor of neurology and neurological sciences; Jeffrey D. Bernstein, former research coordinator; Marc B. Harrison, graduate student; Anna M. Khazenzon, former graduate student; Jiefeng Jiang, former postdoctoral research fellow; Sharon J. Sha, clinical associate professor of neurology and neurological sciences; Carolyn A. Fredericks, former clinical assistant professor of neurology; Brian K. Rutt, professor of radiology; Elizabeth C. Mormino, assistant professor of neurology and neurological sciences; and Geoffrey A. Kerchner, former assistant professor of neurology and neurological sciences. Wagner is also a member of Stanford Bio-X and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute.

The Stanford Aging and Memory Study (SAMS) is supported by the National Institute on Aging, Stanford's Center for Precision Health and Integrated Diagnostics (PHIND), and Stanford's Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute.