Tumors turn gut 'brain cells' into tumor growth promoters

The enteric nervous system functions as the gut's "brain," or local nervous system. Neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the enteric nervous system work together to regulate important intestinal functions like peristalsis and help control the function of the epithelium, or intestinal lining.

When a cancerous tumor grows within the intestine, it creates a tumor microenvironment composed of resident or recruited cells such as the surrounding ECGs, neurons, blood vessels, immune cells, and various signaling molecules. The tumor and the surrounding microenvironment interact constantly.

"Only a fraction of cancer cells -- known as colon cancer stem cells, or CSCs -- is thought to be able to create tumors," says Laurianne Van Landeghem, assistant professor of neurogastroenterology at NC State and corresponding author of a paper describing the work. "CSCs are constantly exposed to regulatory cues in the form of molecules secreted by neighboring cells in the tumor microenvironment. EGCs are an important part of the tumor microenvironment, but no one had studied whether these cells affect the CSCs' ability to create new tumors."

Van Landeghem and an international team of researchers that included Ph.D. student Simon Valès from the University of Nantes, France, looked at tumors from colon cancer patients in both the U.S. and France. "We isolated CSCs from the tumors and grew them in presence or absence of glial cells to see if the EGCs' secretions affected tumor initiation and growth," Van Landeghem says.

When the team exposed CSCs to secretions of EGCs that were grown alone and independently from the tumor, there wasn't a discernable increase in tumor growth. However, when the team grew EGCs in the same medium in which they had grown tumor cells and then exposed those secretions to CSCs, tumors formed more quickly and were bigger.

"In the tumor microenvironment, the cancer cells secrete a molecule known as IL-1, which, if taken up by nearby EGCs, can change them," Van Landeghem says. "Those changed glia in turn secrete a molecule known as PGE2, which stimulates the CSCs and causes tumor initiation and faster tumor growth. Both of these molecules are well described, but we didn't know they were involved in the communication between the tumor and glial cells until now.

"The tumor is essentially remodeling the nearby glia with the aim of making itself thrive. We have identified the molecules responsible for this remodeling and EGCs' pro-tumor initiation impact. Hopefully this work can lead to better understanding of the role EGCs play in colon cancer and perhaps help us identify new targets for cancer therapies."