Multidrug resistance: Not as recent as we thought

In findings published this month in Communications Biology, the researchers investigated the evolutionary relationships among hundreds of RND-type efflux pumps -- specialized proteins that pump multiple different types of antibiotics out of a bacterial cell, making it multidrug resistant.

"Interestingly, we found that RND efflux pump AcrB from H. influenzae was relatively ancient but exported the same antibiotics as its more evolved counterpart from Escherichia coli," explains lead author of the study Martijn Zwama. "What it couldn't do well was export bile salts, which are not something that H. influenzae encounters in its normal habitat but are common components of the gut, where E. coli resides."

While this pointed to evolution of the pumps in their natural environments, it also suggested that multidrug recognition is an ancient trait. This is an important distinction because most bacteria acquire resistance genes or mutations in the face of selective pressure from the environment.

But while AcrB protects H. influenzae from several difference classes of antibiotics, the pathogen remains susceptible to ?-lactams and novobiocin, something that researchers have previously not been able to explain.

"Bacterial membranes contain channels that selectively let different substrates into the cell," says co-author Akihito Yamaguchi. "We found that in H. influenzae, one of these channels, OmpP2, was slightly leaky. This meant that some of the smaller drugs pumped out of the cell by AcrB could seep back inside, where they went to work killing the bacterium."

Multidrug-resistant bacteria have devastating -- and often lethal -- effects in infected patients. And with new strains constantly emerging, these super pathogens are arguably the biggest threat to human health today. Therefore, drugs targeting efflux pumps have been developed. However, the researchers found that these drugs had no effect on H. influenzae.

"Efflux pump inhibitors bind to a phenylalanine-rich pocket in AcrB. Unfortunately, these drugs were designed to target the more evolved proteins in species like E. coli," explains study corresponding author Professor Kunihiko Nishino. "Because H. influenzae AcrB is more ancient, we found that it does not contain the same pocket configuration and is therefore unaffected by the efflux pump inhibitors."

Uncovering these evolutionary differences has shown that a "one size fits all" approach is not suitable to address RND-type efflux pumps. This research provides a more accurate picture of the evolution and mechanism of multidrug efflux systems, which will assist the development of new antibiotics to more effectively target specific multidrug-resistant pathogens.