A 'homing system' targets therapeutic T-cells to brain cancer

"T cell immunotherapy is an emerging field that has shown promise in clinical trials for cancer and other conditions," said senior author Dr. Nabil Ahmed, associate professor of pediatrics at the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy at Baylor College of Medicine. "However, effective homing of therapeutic T cells on the target site remains a major limiting factor, especially for brain tumors."

In this study, Heba Samaha, the lead researcher from the Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt-57357 and the study team described a previously unknown 'escape mechanism' used by cancer cells to divert T cells from brain tumors. They accordingly genetically-engineered T cells to give them the molecular keys they needed to overcome this obstacles and cross this barricade into the tumor.

To understand what was preventing the T cells from crossing the blood-brain barrier, Ahmed and his colleagues looked into diseases in which T cells are granted access into the brain, specifically multiple sclerosis.

"We reasoned that if we could understand how T cells in multiple sclerosis succeeded at infiltrating the brain, then we could probably engineer therapeutic T cells to cross the cancer blood-brain barrier and infiltrate brain tumors in very high density," said Ahmed, who also is a member of the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center at Baylor and the Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers at Texas Children's Hospital.

A healthy blood-brain barrier has certain characteristics that allow it to protect the brain by preventing a number of cells and molecules from getting access to it. In diseases such as multiple sclerosis, the blood-brain barrier changes and, consequently, disease-mediating immune cells are granted preferential access and cause the disease by destroying the protective covering of nerves.

In contrast, in brain cancer the study team found that, to evade the tumor's demise, the blood-brain barrier blocks access to T cells that specialize in destroying the tumor. Specifically, Samaha and her colleagues investigated the changes in the cancer-associated blood-brain barrier that limit the T cells' access to the tumor and developed a strategy to overcome them.

Homing T cells on brain tumors

In multiple sclerosis, access through the blood-brain barrier follows a sophisticated well-concerted process. First, T cells engage ALCAM, an adhesion molecule overexpressed on the surface of the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier, loosely tethering the T cell to the endothelium in what is referred to as the "primary adhesion wave." After binding ALCAM, successful crossing requires that T cells sense a "secondary adhesion wave" created by more ubiquitous molecules, predominantly ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, to reach the 'tight' adhesion threshold needed to capture T cells from the bloodstream.

"When we looked at the blood-brain barrier in brain cancer we found that, in a way similar to multiple sclerosis, the cancer-associated endothelium also overexpressed ALCAM, but by contrast, it reduced ICAM1 and eliminated VCAM1. This likely contributed to the tumor's escape from immune recognition by diverting T cells from the tumor," Samaha said.

Consequently, the researchers reasoned that if they could strengthen the binding of T cells to ALCAM by re-engineering its natural binding protein on T cells, CD6, they might be able to create enough contact between T cells and the endothelium to overcome the blood-brain barrier impasse.

"The re-engineered CD6 molecule works like a 'homing system.' It strengthened T cell binding to ALCAM on the endothelium and also enhanced T cell sensitivity to the reduced levels of ICAM1 on the blood vessels associated with cancer," Ahmed said. "As a result, the T cell-cancer endothelium cell interaction mediated the capture of circulating T cells and their crossing across the endothelium to robustly infiltrate glioblastoma and medulloblastoma, the most common brain cancers in adults and children, respectively."

To test whether having improved access would enable Homing System-T cells to better fight brain cancer, the researchers equipped these T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), molecules that can direct the killing capacity of T cells toward specific cancers. They administered these Homing System- and CAR-modified T cells intravenously to mice carrying established human glioblastoma and measured tumor growth.

"The results were very encouraging," Samaha said. "We observed that T cells with both the Homing System and CAR substantially shrunk tumors in all treated animals. In contrast, T cells without the Homing System homed poorly on the tumor and thus only transiently slowed down tumor growth. Rather importantly, Homing System-T cells were strictly directed to tumor sites, but not normal brain or other normal body tissues."

"Next, we will test the Homing System platform in clinical trials and simultaneously engineer next-generation Homing System molecules for the targeted delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic cells to other diseases," Ahmed said. "We anticipate that the Homing System platform could be a gateway into brain pathologies, including both inflammation and cancer."

Other contributors to this work include Antonella Pignata and Kristen Fousek of the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy (CAGT) of Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Jun Ren of Harvard Medical School (HMS); Fong Lam of Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) and Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center of BCM, Fabio Stossi and Julien Dubrulle of the Integrated Microscopy and Advanced Technology Cores of BCM, Vita S Salsman (CAGT), Shanmugarajan Krishnan (HMS), SungHa Hong of McGovern Medical School University of Texas (UT), Matthew L Baker of the National Center for Macromolecular Imaging at BCM, Ankita Shree (CAGT), Ahmed Z Gad (CCHE and CAGT), Thomas Shum (CAGT), Dai Fukumura (HMS), Tiara Byrd (CAGT), Malini Mukherjee of the Center for Human Immunobiology (CHIB) of TCH and BCM, Sean P. Marrelli (UT), Jordan S Orange (CIHB, BCM), Sujith K. Joseph (CAGT), Poul Sorensen of the University of British Columbia, Michael D Taylor of the University of Toronto, Meenakshi Hegde (CAGT), Maksim Mamonkin (CAGT), Rakesh K Jain (HMS) and Shahenda El-Naggar (CCHE-57357).

This work was funded by SU2C-St. Baldrick's Pediatric Dream Team Translational Research Grant (SU2C-AACR-DT1113), Alex's Lemonade Stand, NIH-T32HL092332, R01AI067946, T32GM08812, DK56338, CA125123, and 1S10OD020151-01. Further support was provided by CPRIT (RP150578) and the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center P01-CA080124, R35-CA197743 and P50-CA165962.