Stellar 'swarms' help astronomers understand the evolution of stars

"Like a swarm of birds flying together in the sky, the common velocities of stars in an association tell us that us that they are related," Gagné explained. "This teaches us something about their age and their compositions,"

Thanks to internal similarities between group members and external differences between different groups -- particularly when it comes to member ages -- astronomers can use stellar associations to glean information about the history of star formation in our corner of the Milky Way. These stars' ages vary from a few million to a billion years old, depending on the group, a range that offers astronomers a sweeping view of stellar evolution among our neighbors.

Gagné and Faherty combed through data from the European Space Agency's three-dimensional mapping mission of our galaxy, Gaia, which was released earlier this year, to discover this goldmine of confirmed and potential group members.

"Our sample is mostly [composed of] stars called red dwarfs, which are smaller than our Sun and relatively cool," Gagné said. "Because of their size, they can be difficult to observe, although we know that they are extremely common in the galaxy, which is why the Gaia data is such a great windfall."

What they learn about these stars could also inform astronomers' understanding of planets or planet-like objects found within their associations by upcoming space-based missions.

"If future missions like NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS, are able to find exoplanets orbiting our stellar neighbors, the information we've gathered about their ages based on their membership in one of these associations, will be able to teach us a great deal about what planetary system evolution looks like at different points in time," added Faherty, who is a Carnegie alumna.

In addition to the bonanza of red dwarf members of neighboring stellar associations, Gagné and Faherty discovered 111 brown dwarfs that are part of these local associations. Brown dwarfs are sometimes called failed stars or super Jupiters. They're smaller than stars -- too small to sustain the hydrogen fusion process -- but more massive than giant planets. As such, they provide a natural link between astronomy and planetary science and are of great interest to scientists.