Supercoil me! The art of knotted DNA maintenance

A tangled problem

Supercoiled, twisted, and even knotted! Far from the elegant and polished textbook images, DNA filaments in living cells is all crumpled and entangled and, to be functional, needs to be constantly unravelled, much like our telephone cords that with careless use accumulate annoying curls or supercoils. "Supercoils are, in fact, present in DNA too and they are believed to be instrumental for keeping DNA compact and exposing or hiding genetic information to the cellular machinery that can process it," say Lucia Coronel and Antonio Suma, young scientists and first authors of this study, which was coordinated by Cristian Micheletti. "At the same time, it has long been known that knots can accidentally form in DNA, with negative consequences for the cell. ." What had remained elusive until now was the dynamic interplay or coexistence on the same DNA filaments of complex knots and supercoiled regions. And this is what the researchers at SISSA set out to study using computer simulations, addressing questions like: what are the implications for DNA structure and its change in time? Can such interplay unlock new functional possibilities? How does the ensuing complex behaviour fit with what is already known about the molecular maintenance of DNA?

Hold it there!

For this study, the scientists at SISSA have used detailed and extensive molecular dynamics simulations. They first noticed that "in supercoiled DNA rings, knots are likely found in one of two positions: at the tip of the supercoils or in a more central position." A closer inspection revealed a more surprising and unexpected effect. Coronel and Suma say: "We studied the DNA filament and noted that without supercoils, the knotted region would move relatively fast along the filament. Likewise, supercoiled regions can rapidly change in knot-free DNA. However, when knots and supercoiling are simultaneously present, then the crucial contact points in DNA knots become locked in place, persistently. And this unexpected effect is particularly interesting because it could be key to a specific and unexpected biological functionality."

Like a Gordian knot

"We know that living cells routinely deal with DNA knots, and we also know that these forms of entanglement are usually detrimental to biological functionality; for instance they can prevent the genetic information from being read and translated into protein products. Specific enzymes of the topoisomerase family are responsible for disentangling DNA. Their modus operandi recalls the efficient, if not drastic, way in which Alexander the Great untied the proverbial Gordian knot with a cut of his sword. Similarly, these enzymes untie DNA filaments by a sophisticated cutting and sealing action." There is still an ongoing debate on which molecular mechanisms can guide these enzymes, which are minute compared to the typical scale of DNA filaments, to intervene on the correct places where their cut-and-paste action can untie the knots. "It has been suggested that the target places are recognised by specific geometric features, which is a plausible and elegant mechanism. However, it was unclear how these features could persist in spite of the incessant molecular motion. Our study suggests that DNA supercoiling can favour the action of topoisomerases by keeping knots in a stable configuration for a time span that is much longer than other molecular rearrangements. In this way, the enzymes could have sufficient time to recognise the target sites and, in turn, their cut-and-paste action would be simpler, more reliable and efficient. This is presently a hypothesis but, since it has such interesting implications, that we hope can it be addressed in future experiments."