People are reluctant to use public defibrillators to treat cardiac arrests

The analysis of existing international studies, which has been published in the European Heart Journal, suggests that there are a number of factors that prevent members of the public from using them and potentially saving lives.

The researchers' study suggests that many members of the public don't know what an automated external defibrillator (AED) is, where to find one and how to use one. This is despite AEDs being suitable for use by untrained members of the public. Although studies suggest there is variation across the studies they analysed in the number of people willing to use an AED a lack of confidence and fear of harm are common themes.

The research, Barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review, was conducted by Warwick Medical School, the University of Warwick; the Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, the University of Warwick; Heart of England NHS Trust, Birmingham; London Ambulance Service NHS Trust and Imperial College Neurotrauma Centre, St Mary's Hospital, London.

Gavin Perkins, Professor in Critical Care Medicine at Warwick Medical School said: "Public access defibrillation is very effective in certain cases of cardiac arrest outside of hospital.

"A study conducted in the US showed that the chance of survival was nearly double in the group that received CPR and were treated with a public access defibrillator compared to the group that received CPR alone. However the number of cases when a public access defibrillator is used is very low -- just 0.15-4.3% of cardiac arrests that occur outside of hospitals."

Although only a minority of out of hospital cardiac arrests occur in locations where use of a defibrillator would help save a life AEDs are often poorly accessible or have limited availability; often their location is not known to even emergency services or those running training schemes. They also found that although members of the public saw the value of AED training most hadn't undergone training.

Theo Arvanitis, Professor of e-Health Innovation and Head of Research at the Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, at the University of Warwick said: "Investment in more AEDs is great but it's at least as important to maximise use of existing defibrillators.

"Many cardiac arrests that happen in public occur out of 'normal business hours' therefore if an AED is kept in a building there is a good chance the building won't be accessible.

"We would also like to see the message put out that these devices can be used without training. However our study found that those with training were more likely to use an AED so training is important too."

It was found that public-access AEDs were often acquired by donation or fundraising rather than private purchase, and donation was a predictor of AED acquisition among college athletic departments in one study.

The research team also examined the reasons for not obtaining an AED. They were: cost; concerns about liability; not being thought/not being considered necessary; lack of and/or attrition of responsible individuals; there was a good, local emergency service and there was a nearby hospital. One study reported that while 32% cited cost and 37% cited legal concerns as reasons not to obtain an AED, 55% thought affordability and 51% thought legal protection were good reasons to obtain an AED.

They also highlighted that maintenance of AEDs was variable. One study reported that all but one of 206 AEDs were 'operable' and ready for use, but many AEDs were not maintained or had no formal plans in place for maintenance or replacement.

The systematic review conducted by the research team consisted of an analysis of 68 English language articles. Many of these were observational, many collected data retrospectively or were surveys. Due to the nature of the articles surveyed the team recommend further research is needed before making policy proposals.