Faster feeding may mean faster recovery in pancreatitis

But new research finds that patients who get food by mouth or feeding tube early in their illness may get out of the hospital quicker -- without any added risk or problems.

A new paper published in Annals of Internal Medicine by a team from the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System takes an exhaustive look at the results from the best possible studies of the timing of feeding in acute pancreatitis.

When they combined all the results from studies involving nearly 1,000 patients, they found that when patients admitted with mild pancreatitis were given food within 48 hours of admission, they had fewer symptoms such as nausea, pain or vomiting. The strategy seems to have led to faster recovery and earlier discharge from the hospital.

The risk of returning to the hospital, suffering a complication or dying was no higher than that of patients who didn't get food until several days into their hospital stay.

For patients with higher disease severity, the overall evidence was weak, but still did not show harm with earlier nutrition.

"Food does more than just provide nutrition," says lead study author Valerie M. Vaughn, M.D., M.Sc. "It stimulates the gut and protects your body from harmful bacteria that might enter through the bowels."

It could also help patients feel better faster, and avoid hospital-related infections and complications from a longer hospital stay, she says. Because of these benefits, other critically-ill patients, like those with sepsis, are typically fed as early as possible. But patients with pancreatitis haven't been treated this way.

"Historically, we've been taught that if the pancreas was inflamed, eating would cause it to release more digestive enzymes and may worsen the situation -- so whatever you do, don't feed patients," says Vaughn. "Then, studies in Europe began to suggest that patients did fine if they were fed early, so we started feeding when lab values or symptoms reached a certain point.

"Now, our thinking has moved all the way toward letting them eat immediately," she says. "Our thought process over the years has really changed, and we hope this study will lead to consideration of early feeding for more patients."

Vaughn's own clinical role as a hospitalist at Michigan Medicine, the U-M academic medical center, involves caring for many patients with pancreatitis. But only in recent years have she and her colleagues considered feeding such patients solid food or delivering liquid food via tube into their stomach or small intestine early in their stay.

Early attempts to get nutrients into such patients focused on delivering fluids and nutrients directly into the bloodstream -- an option called parenteral feeding that requires an intravenous, or IV, device. Such devices can be gateways for bacteria to enter the body, breed, and cause infections, especially in vulnerable people.

Now, only patients who can't tolerate feeding by tube or mouth for long periods of time should likely get parenteral nutrition, says Vaughn, a clinical lecturer in general medicine at the U-M Medical School and member of the joint U-M/VA Patient Safety Enhancement Program.

Acute pancreatitis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization for gastrointestinal reasons. Whether brought on by gallstones, alcohol use, or other causes, acute pancreatitis and its complications -- including sepsis -- can be deadly for about 10 percent of people who suffer it.

Since it costs the American health care system more than $2.6 billion a year for hospital care alone, any chance to improve care by reducing cost and improving patient outcomes is important, says Vaughn.

Gold-standard evidence

For the new paper, Vaughn and her colleagues reviewed only data from randomized clinical trials of early feeding -- the gold standard of evidence.

They included a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine that suggested early feeding didn't reduce the length of hospital stays for patients with severe pancreatitis -- but noted that the studies of patients with severe pancreatitis had different protocols and outcomes.

"Many of the severe studies fed all of their patients relatively quickly," explains Vaughn, "this makes it hard to combine and evaluate their results."

So what should acute pancreatitis patients eat? Whatever they think they can handle, she says.

Always, starting with water is the way to go. Then for some, chicken noodle soup may sound good -- and for others, perhaps popsicles. And if solid food just doesn't sound appealing, a feeding tube to deliver liquid food to the stomach or intestine might be the next stop. If a patient is in intensive care, starting with a tube is the way to go, rather than IV nutrition.

"People understand their bodies. Restricting their diet is not the way to go anymore," she says.