Protection against Zika just as important during winter

"Not only can the eggs of Aedes species mosquitoes survive winter, wide variations in daytime temperatures can stimulate egg-laying and shorten the time it takes for mosquitoes to become infective after biting a person with Zika," notes Diaz. "What's more, researchers have shown that while relatively rare, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are able to transmit Zika to their offspring, a mechanism allowing the virus to survive from one season to the next."

Aedes species eggs can survive in conditions that adult mosquitoes cannot. Even when their source of water has evaporated, eggs can survive desiccation, remaining environmentally stable and viable up to a year and easily spreading to new locations. All it takes is a little rain for them to hatch.

Diaz dispels the oft-repeated misconceptions about the biting behaviors of mosquitoes. "It's not just dawn and dusk when people must take precautions. Aedes mosquitoes are primarily daytime biters and sip feeders, preferring multiple small-sip human blood meals when they can sense, see and repeatedly attack their hosts best, but they can also bite at night in well-lit areas."

Diaz rates the effectiveness of various methods of control and protection, including physical, chemical, biological and genetic control of the mosquitoes, as well as personal protective strategies to prevent being bitten -- from wearing long sleeves, long pants and clothing impregnated with insecticides to a comparison of mosquito repellents.

"As we learn more about the consequences of Zika infection, including the recent revelation that babies of Zika-infected mothers who had normal head sizes at birth have been diagnosed with microcephaly months later, it is vital that we know this enemy and remain vigilant in protecting ourselves," Diaz concludes. "Moreover, the defensive lessons learned now combined with ongoing research in flaviviral immunology and genetic mosquito vector control will better prepare us for the next arthropod-borne pandemic in our changing world ecosystem."