Meet RobERt, the dreaming detective for exoplanet atmospheres

"Different types of molecules absorb and emit light at specific wavelengths, embedding a unique pattern of lines within the electromagnetic spectrum," explained Dr Waldmann, who leads RobERt's development team. "We can take light that has been filtered through an exoplanet's atmosphere or reflected from its cloud-tops, split it like a rainbow and then pick out the 'fingerprint' of features associated with the different molecules or gases. Human brains are really good at finding these patterns in spectra and label them from experience, but it's a really time consuming job and there will be huge amounts of data.

We built RobERt to independently learn from examples and to build on his own experiences. This way, like a seasoned astronomer or a detective, RobERt has a pretty good feeling for what molecules are inside a spectrum and which are the most promising data for more detailed analysis. But what usually takes days or weeks takes RobERt mere seconds."

Deep belief neural networks, or DBNs, were developed more than a decade ago and are commonly used for speech recognition, Internet searches and tracking customer behaviour. RobERt's DBN has three layers of unit processors, or 'neurons'. Information is fed into a bottom layer of 500 neurons, which make an initial filter of the data and pass a subset up to the second layer. Here, 200 neurons refine the selection and pass data up to a third layer of 50 neurons to make the final identification of the gases most likely to be present.

To prepare RobERt for his challenge, Waldmann and colleagues at UCL created a total of 85,750 simulated spectra, covering five different types of exoplanet ranging from GJ1214b, a potential "ocean planet," to WASP-12, a hot Jupiter orbiting very close to its star. Each spectrum in the training set contained the fingerprint of a single gas species. RobERt's learning progress was tested at intervals during the training with 'control' spectra. At the end of the training phase, RobERt had a recognition accuracy of 99.7%.

"RobERt has learned to take into account factors such as noise, restricted wavelength ranges and mixtures of gases," said Waldmann. "He can pick out components such as water and methane in a mixed atmosphere with a high probability, even when the input comes from the limited wavebands that most space instruments provide and when it contains overlapping features."

RobERt's DBN can also be reversed so that instead of analysing data fed into the system, he can enter a 'dreaming state' in which he can generate full spectra based on his experiences.

"Robots really do dream. We can ask RobERt to dream up what he thinks a water spectrum will look like, and he's proved very accurate," said Waldmann. "This dreaming ability has been very useful when trying to identify features in incomplete data. RobERt can use his dream state to fill in the gaps. The James Webb Space Telescope, due for launch in 2018, will tell as more about the atmospheres of exoplanets, and new facilities like Twinkle or ARIEL will be coming online over the next decade that are specifically tailored to characterising the atmospheres of exoplanets. The amount of data these missions will provide will be breathtaking. RobERt will play an invaluable role in helping us to analyse data from these missions and find out what these distant worlds are really like."