Low- and high-birthweight babies appear at increased risk for cardiovascular disease

By adolescence, the children have not just more of this visceral adiposity -- a stand-alone risk factor for cardiovascular disease -- but more related problems such as insulin resistance and inflammation than their average birthweight peers, according to a study of 575 adolescents, now age 14-18, divided into three groups by birthweight.

The findings were independent of other usual cardiovascular risk factors such as lower activity levels and socioeconomic status as well as higher body mass index -- weight divided by height -- which actually did not vary much among all three birthweight groups, according to the study in the Journal of Pediatrics.

And while the association between low birthweight and future cardiovascular disease is well-recognized, the new study showed the association may not be easily modified by healthy eating and exercise, Stansfield said.

Rather, researchers found adolescents born low birthweight had a similar body build as adolescents born at average birthweight but still had greater visceral adiposity and high insulin levels in their blood. Both are usually associated with generalized obesity and an elevated BMI.

"The 5-pound baby, regardless of whether he grows up to be obese, normal weight or thin is going to have more visceral adiposity than a similar child with a normal birthweight," said Stansfield, corresponding author. A heavy baby, on the other hand, who exercises and eats healthy as he grows, may reduce his risk.

The take-home message for mothers-to-be also is not new, Stansfield said: Don't smoke and do breastfeed. Maternal smoking is the number one cause of low-birthweight babies, and breast milk may be protective. The take-home message for his fellow physicians is: When assessing cardiovascular risk in adult patients, consider birthweight a factor.

In general, high-birthweight babies tend to become larger children and adults, and low-birthweight babies tend to grow into smaller ones. In Stansfield's study, high-birthweight babies continued to show the most dramatic propensity for obesity, with nearly a twofold increase in the number of adolescents classified as obese compared with their average-birthweight peers and the lowest rate of "not overweight" in all three groups. The low-birthweight babies also had higher rates of obesity but a slightly lower rate of overweight, than their average-weight peers.

Continuing conflict centers around whether being born small by itself is a risk factor or if it's because small babies tend to catch up in growth in that first year of life. It's called the growth-acceleration hypothesis -- so that a 5-pound baby and a 7-pound baby both tend to get to nine pounds in about one or two months.

"This period of time when that small baby is growing quicker than others may start to induce some of this phenotype. We just don't know," Stansfield said, noting that's one of many areas that need more study. Small babies tend to have higher insulin sensitivity so when they are fed a calorie-dense diet, the insulin sensitivity may lead to more efficient fat storage, he said.

Since much of this accelerated growth occurs in the first few weeks of life, it may be that a diet of breast milk -- which is naturally low in calories and dense in needed nutrients -- may help babies avoid this unhealthy and likely permanent fat accumulation around their organs, he said.

The researchers literally divided the group in thirds by birthweight so there were actually some normal-weight babies in all three groups. But as weight drifted away from the normal in either direction, it appeared to cause problems.

Normal birthweight is considered 2,500 (about 5.5 pounds) to 3,800 grams (about 8.4 pounds). Low birthweight can result from growth restriction that can happen at any point in the pregnancy, often from placental insufficiency, which can result from problems like the mother not getting adequate nutrition or the placenta inexplicably slowing or stopping delivery of what the baby needs. Low birthweight also tends to run in families and/or can result from the mother's poor nutrition, smoking and other factors. He notes that babies who experience poor delivery of nutrients via the placenta throughout pregnancy probably are most at risk.

Most of the teens in the study were at least in the later stages of puberty, and most of the females had begun to menstruate. Overall, 11 percent were overweight, and 16 percent were considered obese.

An international study of nearly 650,000 individuals in 26 countries published in 2012 in PLOS ONE indicated that low birthweight results in a low risk of later being generally overweight while high-birthweight babies are predisposed to a lifetime of overweight. Most studies have found something similar, Stansfield said.