Why do we see the man in the moon?

Through careful analysis and computer-generated simulations, Prof. Oded Aharonson of the Weizmann Institute's Center for Planetary Science (he began this research while still at the California Institute of Technology), together with Prof. Peter Goldreich of the California Institute of Technology and Prof. Re'em Sari of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have shown that it is not coincidence but the Moon's geophysical properties that determine its orientation. Their findings have recently been published in Icarus.

The near side of the Moon is low-lying and covered by craters filled with dense, dark volcanic material, giving us the Man in the Moon. In contrast, the far side is predominately made up of higher mountainous regions. "Intuitively, we might actually have expected the far side to be facing us as the high mountains would have brought the Moon closer to Earth, putting the system in a lower energy state," says Aharonson. Nature usually prefers lower energy states, so why isn't this the case?

The motion of the Moon is a bit like the motion of toy train circling around a track with two hills and two valleys. The hills and valleys represent the different energy levels of the orientation of the geophysically asymmetric Moon. Friction causes the train to slow down until it doesn't have enough energy to climb over the hill, and settles into one of the valleys. The choice of valleys is governed not by the depth of valleys, but rather by the height of the hill it crossed for the last time. Similarly for the Moon, its maxima energy (the hills in our analogy) governs the ultimate state of the Moon, not its minima energy (the valleys).

According to the scientists' simulations, the energy values calculated for the current geophysical characteristics of the Moon favor locking it in the current orientation. "In fact, by designing different models of the Moon -- moving its mass around, and altering various other parameters that affect its gravitational properties -- we are able to have complete control over which 'valley' the Moon settles into," says Aharonson.

Some might argue that the Moon would have locked with Earth very early in its existence, when its properties were much different to those of today's moon, and so these findings might not explain the actual events. The scientists, and indeed some evidence, suggest that the other side of the Moon could have been facing Earth at some point, but was hit out of sync and then later relocked into the current orientation in the way described by the new findings.

Aharonson: "For me, what is most interesting is not seeing the Man in the Moon, but the elegance of how the system works."

Prof. Oded Aharonson would like to acknowledge support from the Lunar Reconnaissance Project.