Previously unknown ocean bacteria lead scientists to entirely new theories

The findings were published in two articles in the journals Molecular Biology and Evolution and PLoS ONE in the last week.

"The huge amounts of DNA information now being produced from the oceans gives us a glimpse of a world that could never be studied before. It's incredibly fascinating to look for answers to the fundamental questions of life in these data," says Siv Andersson, professor of molecular evolution and lead author of the studies.

Bacteria belonging to the group SAR11 make up 30-40 percent of all bacteria cells in the oceans and therefore play a considerable role in global carbon cycles. Nowhere else are these bacteria so common. The open seas are poor in nutrients, and SAR11 bacteria have an extremely small cell volume in order to maximize the concentration of nutrients in the cells. Their genes are small, consisting of fewer than 1.5 million building blocks.

According to previous research they are related to an equally specialized group of bacteria that includes the typhus bacterium. These bacteria also have small genes, but they are adapted to humans, animals, and insects. However, the advanced analyses of genetic relationships performed by the Uppsala researchers contradict these findings, indicating instead that SAR11 bacteria evolved from ocean- and earth-dwelling bacteria with genes that are three to ten times as large. But unlike their relatives, SAR11 bacteria lack genes that are thought to be important in repairing damage to DNA. This might also explain why they have been so successful.

"The loss of genes means that the bacteria can more readily exchange genes with each other, and beneficial genes can then spread rapidly in the oceans as an adaptation to changes in nutrient content, temperature, and UV radiation," says Johan Viklund, a doctoral candidate at the Department of Molecular Evolution.

From data from currently ongoing major international surveys of DNA from all the bacteria in the oceans, the Uppsala scientists have also found DNA sequences for proteins that participate in cell respiration, when sugar is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. By comparing these with comparable proteins for cell respiration in humans, animals, and insects in so-called mitochondria, the researchers managed to identify a rare, previously unknown group of bacteria.

"They are very similar to mitochondria. Our findings thus indicate that the origin of mitochondria might be the oceans, but that they are not related to the SAR11 group as was previously thought," says Thijs Ettema, a postdoctoral fellow with the team.