Strokes have nearly doubled among younger adults, and scientists aren't sure why

The findings, published September 23, 2026, in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, reveal a concerning trend in the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky region. Although more people are surviving strokes, the growing number of cases means that more younger adults could face lasting health complications.

"While stroke has traditionally been considered a disease of older adults, our findings show that stroke is becoming increasingly common in younger adults," said study author Emily R. Fisher, MD, of the University of Cincinnati. "At the same time, more people are surviving these strokes, which means more younger adults may be living with the long-term effects of stroke."

Stroke Rates Nearly Doubled Over Three Decades

To investigate how stroke patterns have changed, researchers examined cases recorded in Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky between 1993 and 2020. They identified 2,076 adults between the ages of 20 and 54 who experienced their first stroke during the study period.

The results showed a striking increase. In 1993-1994, the stroke rate was 33.9 cases per 100,000 person-years. By 2020, it had climbed to 62.2 cases per 100,000 person-years, representing an increase of approximately 83%.

Person-years is a measurement that accounts for both the number of people being studied and the amount of time they are observed. It allows researchers to compare how frequently strokes occurred across different periods.

The increase was not spread evenly across all types of stroke. Instead, one particular form accounted for most of the rise.

Blocked Blood Vessels Drive the Increase

Researchers found that ischemic strokes were largely responsible for the growing number of cases. This type of stroke happens when a blood vessel supplying the brain becomes blocked, cutting off oxygen and nutrients to brain tissue. Without a steady blood supply, brain cells can begin to suffer damage within minutes.

Among younger adults, the ischemic stroke rate rose from 23.8 cases per 100,000 person-years in 1993-1994 to 47.3 in 2020, nearly doubling over the study period.

Other forms of stroke did not follow the same pattern. Researchers found no comparable increases in intracerebral hemorrhage, which involves bleeding directly into the brain, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, which occurs when bleeding develops in the space surrounding the brain.

High Blood Pressure, Diabetes, and Other Risk Factors

The researchers also examined health conditions and behaviors among younger adults who experienced strokes. Over time, several potential risk factors became more common, including high blood pressure, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and substance use.

Atrial fibrillation is a type of irregular heartbeat that can allow blood clots to form in the heart. If a clot travels to the brain and blocks a blood vessel, it can trigger an ischemic stroke.

One of the largest changes involved substance use. In 1993-1994, 4.6% of younger adults who experienced strokes had documented substance use. By 2020, that figure had risen to 40.2%, with much of the increase associated with marijuana use.

However, the study could not establish whether these changes were responsible for the rising stroke rates. The researchers lacked comparable health information from people who had not experienced strokes, making it impossible to determine how much the observed risk factor trends contributed to the increase.

Stroke Survival Is Improving, but Concerns Remain

Despite the troubling rise in stroke cases, the findings also offered some encouraging news. Younger adults who experienced strokes were somewhat more likely to survive than they had been nearly three decades earlier.

After accounting for differences in age, race, and sex, researchers found that the proportion of patients who died within 30 days of a stroke declined from 11.7% in 1993-1994 to 9.4% in 2020.

The improvement was most noticeable among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, two types of bleeding strokes that can be particularly dangerous.

Still, surviving a stroke does not necessarily mean making a complete recovery. Depending on the location and severity of the brain injury, survivors can experience lasting difficulties with movement, speech, memory, or other abilities. As strokes become more frequent among younger adults, more people may have to manage these challenges for decades.

"Our findings highlight the importance of identifying and managing stroke risk factors early in adulthood," Fisher said. "Additional research is needed to better understand what is driving these trends and how they can be reversed."

The researchers emphasized that further investigation is necessary to explain why stroke rates have climbed so sharply among younger adults. Because the analysis focused on one geographic region and lacked a comparison group without strokes, it cannot establish whether the same trends apply nationwide or identify the factors responsible for the increase.

The study was supported by the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study.