Early Pyrenean Neolithic groups applied species selection strategies to produce bone artifacts

The study was coordinated by the research group EarlyFoods from the Department of Prehistory of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and ICTA-UAB, under the framework of the European project ChemArch. Also involved in the study were researchers from the High Mountain Archaeology Research Group (GAAM, UAB and IMF-CSIC), the General Council of Aragón, and the University of Copenhagen.

The research delved deeper into the relationship between the species selected for the manufacturing of artefacts and their function by applying archaezoological, use-wear and palaeoproteomic analyses to some twenty ancient Neolithic bone artefacts found at Coro Trasito, a site in the Central Pyrenees located 1,548 metres above sea level.

The study is one of the few so far to combine use-wear, archaeozoology and palaeoproteomics in archaeological material and the first to do so in bone artefacts from the ancient Neolithic. "This combination has made it possible to discover nuances that would otherwise go unnoticed and to add new layers of knowledge by evaluating the same data from multiple perspectives," explains Maria Saña, UAB researcher and coordinator of the study.

The analyses showed that the groups that inhabited the site 7,000 years ago chose sheep and goat bones for the production of bone tips to handle vegetables, but also used cervid bones (deer and roe deer) for a wider variety of artefacts. For the projectile tips identified, they chose deer bones.

In contrast to other studies based on the morphological study of artefacts, which suggest that sheep and goats were the species most commonly used in the production of bone tools, the study found that deer as well as sheep and goats were more equally selected for tool manufacturing. This greater species balance observed at Coro Trasito and the use of only deer bones for projectile tips leads the researchers to consider that this animal may have played a prominent role in ancient Neolithic society.

"Obtaining long bones from deer, probably through hunting, requires more effort than using long bones from domesticated animals. This is particularly interesting because of the large number of cervid bone tools identified compared to the number of cervid observed in the untouched bone deposits. This selection could be due, in part, to the properties of the bone, but also to the beliefs and values associated with this animal species," says Jakob Hansen, first author of the study and predoctoral researcher in the Department of Prehistory at the UAB. He goes on to say that: "In any case, further research at other sites with the same combination of methods that we have applied here is required to explore this hypothesis."

Methodological strength

The researchers highlight the methodological strength of the study. Previously, based on the study of morphological characteristics, deer bone artefacts had been detected in other Neolithic sites of the Iberian Peninsula, but this is the first time that the species were taxonomically identified and a strategy in the selection of the animals was directly evidenced.

In addition to the classical approach of archaeozoology, use-wear analysis was added to identify the specific uses of the tools and the materials with which they were produced by high-resolution microscopy, and taxonomic identification, carried out by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) through the evaluation of peptide biomarkers.

"Future research could benefit from the integration of these three approaches for a better understanding of the relationship between artefact types and the species selected for their production. This study is only the tip of the iceberg," concludes Ignacio Clemente, researcher at GAAM and at the Milà i Fontanals Institution for Research in the Humanities (IMF-CSIC) who also coordinated the study.