Researchers examine economic effects on technological advancements of blue hydrogen production

The research, titled "Technological Evolution of Large-Scale Blue Hydrogen Production Toward the U.S. Hydrogen Energy Earthshot," was led by Haibo Zhai, the Roy and Caryl Cline Distinguished Chair in Engineering and a professor in the UW College of Engineering and Physical Sciences. The study appears in the journal Nature Communications, a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal that covers the natural sciences.

Wanying Wu, Zhai's UW Ph.D. student, was lead author.

Launched in 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy Earthshots Initiative aims to accelerate breakthroughs of more abundant, affordable and reliable clean energy solutions within the decade by reducing the cost of clean hydrogen production and deployment. The ambitious goal of the program is to reduce production costs of hydrogen by 80 percent to $1 per kilogram of hydrogen in a decade.

The new UW study estimates the economic benefits from learning experience by deploying large-scale blue hydrogen projects; evaluates both the 45Q tax credit for carbon sequestration and 45V tax credit for clean hydrogen production; and compares the credits' economic role in promoting blue hydrogen production toward the Hydrogen Energy Earthshots Initiative.

"Currently, the cost of hydrogen is high, especially when produced from renewables," Zhai says. "However, blue hydrogen -- that is, hydrogen produced using fossil fuels and paired with carbon sequestration -- has the potential to significantly reduce the costs of production, substantially lower emissions and support new economic opportunities in line with the goals of the Energy Earthshots Initiative so long as the tax incentives and infrastructure funding remain available to technology developers. This study is an important snapshot of where we are and where we could be in the future while building out clean hydrogen systems."

The premise is that the more prevalent and advanced, or "experienced," large-scale blue hydrogen systems become, the more efficient and affordable they will become. However, that is only one piece of the puzzle, Zhai says.

"We apply experience curves to estimate the evolving costs of blue hydrogen production and to further examine the economic effect on technological evolution of the Inflation Reduction Act's tax credits for carbon sequestration and clean hydrogen," he explains. "We concluded in our models that the break-even cumulative production capacity required for gas-based blue hydrogen to reach DOE's $1/kg H₂ target is highly dependent on tax credits, natural gas prices, inflation rates, carbon capture uncertainties and learning rates."

Despite these uncertainties, the study concludes that experience from the deployment of blue hydrogen projects will be helpful in lowering future costs of hydrogen production and will remain cost competitive. Additionally, paired with extended tax incentives for carbon sequestration, costs could be significantly reduced further.

Funding for the study was made possible by the Hydrogen Energy Research Center (H₂ERC) in UW's School of Energy Resources (SER) and is the direct result of the "Hydrogen: Make, Move, Use or Store" initiative that supported UW faculty-led projects investigating topics across all levels of the hydrogen supply chain. Eugene Holubnyak, H₂ERC director, also was a collaborative author on the study.

"I feel privileged to have contributed to this important discussion alongside Dr. Zhai and Ms. Wu," Holubnyak says. "SER has been fortunate to receive support from the state of Wyoming in order to delve into the feasibility of a new hydrogen economy and conduct important research on hydrogen production methods. This study is a wonderful example of that support having a wider impact among the scientific community and will help us to evaluate the most economically competitive pathway forward."