Coronary artery calcium score predictive of heart attacks, strokes

Coronary artery calcium scoring with CT was developed to noninvasively measure the amount of calcium in the arteries of the heart. Higher scores are linked with atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries. A score of 1 to 399, for instance, suggests a moderate amount of plaque, while 400 or higher indicates a large plaque burden.

"Coronary artery calcium is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular events," said study first author Federico Biavati, an M.D./Ph.D. candidate in the BIOQIC research training group and a radiology resident at Charité -- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. "The presence of coronary artery calcification indicates that atherosclerosis may have been present for some time."

The complete absence of coronary calcifications, on the other hand, is a good indicator of the absence of advanced atherosclerosis. However, the role of coronary artery calcium in patients with stable chest pain is less clear. Stable chest pain is a temporary but recurring condition triggered by stress, exercise or cold weather.

Under the direction of Marc Dewey, M.D., professor and vice chair of radiology at Charité, Biavati and colleagues assessed the prognostic value of coronary artery calcium scoring for major adverse cardiovascular events in 1,749 individuals, mean age 60. The participants were drawn from the DISCHARGE trial, a research project involving 26 centers in 16 European countries. Participants had stable chest pain and had been referred for invasive coronary angiography, a procedure in which a catheter is threaded to the heart under X-ray guidance. A contrast agent is then injected through the catheter to help doctors visualize the arteries of the heart.

The researchers stratified the patients into low-, intermediate- and high-risk categories based on their coronary artery calcium scores. They followed the participants for an average of 3.5 years and recorded any major adverse cardiovascular events.

People with a coronary artery calcium score of zero showed very low risk of major adverse cardiovascular events at follow-up. Only four of the 755 participants in the group, or 0.5%, had a major adverse cardiovascular event during the follow-up period. The group also had a low risk of only 4.1% for obstructive coronary artery disease.

"This finding may indicate that a zero coronary artery calcium score can play a larger role in patient management strategies," Dr. Dewey said. "The findings suggest that patients with stable chest pain and a coronary artery calcium score of zero may not require invasive coronary angiography using cardiac catheterization because the risk of cardiovascular events is so low."

There were 14 events in the 743 participants with a 1 to 399 coronary artery calcium score, for a risk of 1.9%. The 251 participants in the 400 and higher coronary artery calcium score group had 17 events for a significantly higher risk of 6.8%. The researchers found no evidence of a difference between sexes for major adverse cardiovascular events.

Despite the findings, the researchers said that further study is needed before coronary artery calcium scoring can be used to exclude patients from coronary CT angiography.

This is the second article published in Radiology from the DISCHARGE trial, the largest cardiac trial on chest pain. The first article, Effect of Body Mass Index on Effectiveness of CT versus Invasive Coronary Angiography in Stable Chest Pain: The DISCHARGE Trial, found that when patients suspected of having coronary artery disease were stratified by body mass index category, no differences in clinical outcomes were observed between those who underwent initial management with CT and those who underwent invasive coronary angiography.