Increased threat of war enhances pup survival

Battles between competing groups can lead to serious injury or death and intergroup conflict has always been thought to have a negative effect on reproductive success.

But findings published today in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B turn that long-held belief on its head.

Using a decade of life-history data from a wild population of dwarf mongooses, University of Bristol researchers found that pup survival rate actually increased when the cumulative threat of conflict with rival groups was greater.

Lead author, Dr Amy Morris-Drake, from Bristol's School of Biological Sciences, said: "Groups engaged in more intergroup interactions did not produce more young. Rather, a greater threat from outsiders was associated with a higher survival likelihood of pups once they emerged from the breeding burrow."

The team conducted detailed behavioural observations of the study groups in South Africa to investigate what might drive the improved pup survival. They found that when rivals or indicators of their recent presence are encountered, adults increase their sentinel (raised guarding) behaviour.

Senior author, Professor Andy Radford, also from Bristol, explained: "Increased sentinel behaviour is likely an attempt to gather more information about the other group. But sentinels also detect predatory threats and warn groupmates of danger, so vulnerable pups are potentially safer as a consequence."

The general expectation is that intergroup conflict will have negative consequences for reproductive success. In a rare previous study, for example, chimpanzee foetal survival was lower and inter-birth intervals were longer when there was a greater threat level from other groups.

Prof Radford said: "We are not suggesting that conflict has a direct positive effect on breeding success. Instead, there could be byproduct benefits of behavioural changes -- such as increased vigilance -- that result from an increased threat level."

Dr Morris-Drake concluded: "Our work suggests that if we are to understand the importance of warfare on societies, we must consider threats as well as actual fights. Moreover, we need to investigate not just actions on the battleground but the wider consequences too."

Dwarf mongooses are Africa's smallest carnivore, living in cooperatively breeding, territorial groups of 5-30 individuals. The work was conducted as part of the Dwarf Mongoose Research Project, which has studied habituated wild groups continuously since 2011. The study animals are individually marked with blonde hair dye, are trained to climb onto a balance scale to weigh themselves, and can be watched from a few feet away as they go about their natural behaviour in ecologically valid conditions.

The study was funded by a European Research Council Consolidator Grant awarded to Prof Radford.