Nasal vaccine prevents COVID in preclinical studies, researchers report

A nasal vaccine for respiratory viruses would be a significant improvement over intramuscular shots, because they are less invasive and stop viral particle replication in the airway, before a virus can enter the bloodstream. This could improve the rate of vaccination and reduce the spread of disease.

The development was described in a research paper published online November 6, 2023, in the journal Nature Communications.

"We continue to hear about new variants, and new waves of COVID-19, and to prevent this, we need a vaccine that is easy to administer and can prevent transmission," said Xiaoping Zhu, professor of veterinary medicine at UMD and lead author of the study. "This nasal vaccine prevents virus transmission and can be easily adapted for new variants."

The virus that causes COVID-19 enters the body through the nose or mouth and replicates within epithelial cells, the protective cells that separate the inside body from the outside world. Vaccines that rely on a shot mainly create immunity in the bloodstream, which means the virus must enter the body and replicate in the blood before being detected by the body's immune system. The new nasal vaccine produces immunity in the cells that line the nose, mouth, and throat, preventing the virus from getting that far.

Zhu and his team developed a technology that leverages the body's natural mechanism to transport the COVID-19 spike protein into the cells of the airway, where the local immune system can learn to recognize the virus.

The mechanism they tapped into uses a protein called neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) to carry antibodies across epithelial cells. The researchers developed and patented a technology to bind their chosen human antibody to FcRn. Then, they attached the spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 to FcRn and sprayed it into the noses of mice.

The team then exposed the mice to ancient SARS-CoV-2, Delta, and Omicron variants of COVID-19. All unvaccinated mice exposed to the Delta variant died, while most vaccinated mice (83-100%) survived. Although mice exposed to major Omicron variants survived, the researchers found significantly reduced inflammation and virus loads in vaccinated mice compared to unvaccinated mice.

Comparing results in mice that had the Spike protein delivered by nasal vaccine, versus injection, the researchers found that the nasal vaccine triggered a significantly more potent immune response in the airway and lungs. Consequently, the researchers also found that the nasal vaccine, but not the intramuscular vaccine, dramatically reduced SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission. This result is essential as inhalation represents a major transmission route for COVID-19, and airborne virus particles have the potential to linger in the air for up to 9 to 12 hours.

Due to the emergence of new variants, COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations are now ticking up again. While the updated mRNA vaccines remain effective at preventing severe illness and death, they may not be as effective in reducing infection and transmission over time. To overcome this gap, the U.S. government initiative called Project NextGen seeks to develop an effective and safe nasal vaccine for controlling the spread of variants. According to Zhu, the nasal vaccine he and his team developed meets all the criteria of Project NextGen.

The research team was led by professor Xiaoping Zhu, and included UMD associate research professor Wiezhong Li, and faculty assistant Tao Wang. In addition, USDA ARS, Dr. Wenbin Tuo, and Virginia Tech, Dr. Tanya LeRoith participated in the research project.

Support for this research was provided by National Institutes of Health NIAID (award nos. AI146063, AI130712. The University of Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station, The Basil and Anne Hatziolos Scholarship Fund for Veterinary Medical Research, and the USDA ARS intramural research program. This story does not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations.