Healthy teeth thanks to the 'washing machine effect'

The researchers fed four cows grass feed mixed with sand for several days and took samples of the regurgitated food pulp and faeces. They then measured the silicate content of each sample. The compounds from sand and grass are particularly abrasive to teeth because of their hardness. The faeces contained about the same amount of silicates as the grass feed mixed with sand, whereas the regurgitated food contained significantly less. The only explanation is that the silicates must have stayed in the stomach, or more precisely in the "rumen." The rumen is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants and the place where food is fermented and broken down by microorganisms.

Because this laborious chewing is partly carried out on food pulp that has been "washed" in the rumen, the teeth of ruminants are less worn than those of horses, for example. The latter chew their food completely after ingestion, including the abrasive bits. For the researchers, this observation makes sense because the teeth of ruminants have comparatively low crowns. The method of digestion means the teeth remain functional for longer. It explains the distinctive shape of ruminant's teeth: there has been no evolutionary pressure to form more tooth material.

"Our research explains a fundamental but little-studied aspect of food grinding in large herbivores, which contributes to the understanding of the function and evolution of teeth," explains Professor Jürgen Hummel, the University of Göttingen's Ruminant Nutrition Group. In addition to understanding the physiology of digestion, the result is interesting for palaeontology: teeth are well preserved as fossils and often provide the most important clues in reconstructing early herbivores and their environment.