People with paranormal beliefs spooked by science and the COVID-19 vaccine, sociologists suggest

Previous research has shown that people with conservative religious beliefs are more likely to lack confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine, but most studies have observed only mainstream or institutionalized religious forms. WVU researchers Katie Corcoran, Chris Scheitle and Bernard DiGregorio were curious whether paranormal beliefs -- beliefs in astrology and spirits, for instance -- would be associated with a similar lack of confidence.

"We were interested in looking at how religion, science and what we call 'the enchanted worldview' relate to each other," said Corcoran, associate professor of sociology in the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, explaining that the enchanted worldview incorporates traditional religious beliefs, like beliefs in angels, God, demons and spirits.

"It also incorporates the belief that crystals can heal, belief in astrology and belief that the world is enchanted, that there's more than the empirical world, beyond just religion. So, this particular project looks at what we call paranormal beliefs, which cut across several different areas."

Paranormal beliefs are distinct from mainstream religion and inconsistent with current science. They include, but aren't limited to, beliefs in good and bad luck, parapsychology (e.g., mind-reading or telekinesis) and spiritualism (e.g., astrology and witchcraft).

Corcoran and Scheitle conducted a survey to understand how these beliefs relate to confidence in the COVID vaccine.

"We found that people who believe in the paranormal are less likely to get the COVID-19 vaccine and they're less trusting of vaccines in general," she said. "We also found that part of the reason people who believe in the paranormal are less likely to trust vaccines and get vaccinated is because they're more likely to believe in conspiracies and distrust science."

The findings were published in Sociology of Religion.

Corcoran and Scheitle had anticipated the negative relationship between belief and vaccine hesitation based on previous data.

"We know that those with religious beliefs, particularly conservative religious beliefs, are less likely to trust vaccines and less likely to get them," she said. "And we assumed that paranormal beliefs might have a similar relationship because part of their definition is that they're inconsistent with current science."

However, they were surprised by how strong the negative association was between that mistrust and paranormal beliefs. While political conservatism is the strongest indicator of vaccine hesitancy, a belief in the paranormal was more likely than religion and several other sociodemographic variables to engender the same feelings.

"We didn't quite expect it to matter that much," she said.

Corcoran and Scheitle received $167,797 from Rice University and the University of California, San Diego, provided by the Templeton Religion Trust via The Issachar Fund, to support their research in this "Science and Religion: Identity and Belief Formation" project. The initiative funds sociological research that studies how identities and beliefs relate to science and religion.

The results of their study may help public health departments better combat vaccine hesitancy by learning the reasons behind it. Throughout the pandemic, public health departments worked with religious congregations and their pastors to educate people about the vaccine. Those who believe in the paranormal, however, are less visible and less likely to attend services. Thus, outreach becomes more difficult.

"They're not as institutionalized as people who have religious beliefs and are part of congregations," she said. "Because congregations are organizations, they are easier to reach out to. With paranormal beliefs, it's less institutionalized."

To reach the latter group, Corcoran suggested public health departments may want to seek out forms of institutionalization among those who believe in the paranormal. These may include conferences and workshops as well as businesses they frequent.

Corcoran said the first step would be interviews. This would allow researchers and public health officials to get a clearer sense of their concerns and, in turn, to examine where this vaccine hesitancy originates.

"Now that we know it's related to distrust in science and conspiratorial beliefs, we can ask where it's coming from," she said. "What's the reasoning? And once we know the reasoning, then we can start more targeted outreach."