No environmental justice, no positive peace -- and vice versa

A team of researchers from Hiroshima University that includes Simangan has explored the nuances and found that elements of environmental performance are more strongly associated with positive peace, specifically its pillar concerning equitable resource distribution, than with negative peace, especially its indicator on the degree of militarization.

The researchers published their results in Earth System Governance in September 2022.

"These concepts [of peace and sustainability] are very broad, and their relationship is influenced by many other factors," said Simangan, who is the paper's first and corresponding author and also affiliated with the Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability and the IDEC Institute at Hiroshima University. "In this study, we analyzed how their specific components influence each other."

The researchers noted that while there are indices to measure peace and indices to measure environmental wellbeing, there is not an index that comprehensively incorporates both. Further, previous analyses on the intersection of environmental sustainability and peace tended to focus on negative peace, or the absence of violence. To overcome these previous limitations, the researchers examined three different indices.

"For the peace component, we used the datasets from the Global Peace Index (GPI) and Positive Peace Index (PPI) to include both direct and indirect forms of conflict and violence," Simangan said. "For the environmental sustainability component, we used the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), which measures environmental health and ecosystem vitality."

The PPI is measured using eight pillars: well-functioning government, sound business environment, equitable distribution of resources, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbors, free flow of information, high levels of human capital and low levels of corruption. The GPI uses three domains: the extent of ongoing domestic and international conflict, the level of societal safety and security and the degree of militarization. The EPI has two main objectives: environmental health, which encompasses air quality, sanitation and drinking water, heavy metals and waste management; and environmental vitality, which includes indicators of biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, climate change and so on.

The researchers conducted several correlation tests and found a consistent pattern.

"We found out that environmental performance -- especially regarding air quality, safe sanitation and safe drinking water -- is more closely associated with positive peace than negative peace," Simangan said. "Our study also revealed that contrary to general expectations, some low-income countries score fairly well in both negative peace and environmental sustainability. However, they often fall short in achieving positive peace outcomes. These findings confirm our hypothesis that positive peace is more conducive to accommodating environmental considerations."

As the results show how interconnected environmentalism and positive peace are, and how improvements in one area can aid improvements in the other, the researchers said their next step is to look to create an integrated model.

"We will continue to concretize the various components of a holistic peace and multidimensional sustainability in order to provide a more comprehensive index that illustrates the myriad pathways between the two," Simangan said. "Our ultimate goal is to develop this integrated index with annually updated datasets available for researchers and policymakers."