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Protective T cells remain 20 months after COVID-19, study finds

Date:
July 21, 2022
Source:
University of Gothenburg
Summary:
Highly specialized T cells are detectable in blood for at least 20 months after SARS-cov-2 infection, a new study shows.
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Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop protective immune responses, mediated by virus-specific T cells and antibodies, shortly after the infection. There is concern, however, that immunity does not persist over time, which may translate into severe COVID-19 upon re-infection.

In the July, 12 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Anna Martner and co-authors at University of Gothenburg report two main findings. First, several variants of virus-specific T cells became detectable in blood shortly after COVID-19, but strikingly disappeared after 10-12 weeks.

However, a group of highly specialized T cells, designed to facilitate elimination of infected cells, remained active in the blood of all previously SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. These T cells did not disappear or wane even at long follow-up.

The findings may explain the reduced risk of severe disease and mortality among patients who have become re-infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Scientists at the University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital collected 81 blood samples from hospital staff members who had contracted mild COVID-19 in the first year of the pandemic and uninfected controls. The researchers studied T cell reactivity to an inner part of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus nucleocapsid) thus capturing T cell responses that only occur after a natural infection.

The blood samples were exposed to more than 100 peptides from the nucleocapsid portion of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The researchers then analyzed which T cell mediators (cytokines) were produced by blood cells to determine the longevity of T cell reactivity after the infection.

It was observed that a subgroup of specialized T cells (Th1 cells) that promote destruction of virus-infected cells were active for at least 20 months after natural COVID-19. The infected patients also harbored several other types of T cells that reacted with SARS-CoV-2. These latter T cells disappeared from blood approximately 2 months after recovery from infection.

"While certain subsets of T cells disappear shortly after infection, highly specialized T cells (T helper 1 cells) remain stably present in blood to suggest that a vital aspect of protective immunity is functional years after COVID-19," says Anna Martner, Associate Professor of immunology at the Sahlgrenska Academy. These results may explain why re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 only rarely translates into severe COVID-19.


Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Gothenburg. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Anna Martner, Hanna Grauers Wiktorin, Andreas Törnell, Johan Ringlander, Mohammad Arabpour, Magnus Lindh, Martin Lagging, Staffan Nilsson, Kristoffer Hellstrand. Transient and durable T cell reactivity after COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022; 119 (30) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203659119

Cite This Page:

University of Gothenburg. "Protective T cells remain 20 months after COVID-19, study finds." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 July 2022. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/07/220721101513.htm>.
University of Gothenburg. (2022, July 21). Protective T cells remain 20 months after COVID-19, study finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 20, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/07/220721101513.htm
University of Gothenburg. "Protective T cells remain 20 months after COVID-19, study finds." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/07/220721101513.htm (accessed November 20, 2024).

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