Helping teens channel stress, grow in resilience

Add to that the pernicious effects of the 24/7 exposure to social media. Teenagers' psychological well-being, much more so than for other age groups, is affected by how they think their social environment -- peers, teachers, parents, coaches -- perceive and judge them.

"We receive an endless stream of likes, dislikes, and comments via social media, which makes for a constant state of social evaluation," says Jeremy Jamieson, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. "That's probably one of the most damaging things we've seen for adolescents."

The mental health crisis among teens has prompted an urgent quest for preventive interventions. Jamieson, who heads up Rochester's Social Stress Lab, and colleagues at the University of Texas at Austin, Stanford University, and the Google Empathy Lab, believe they have one.

As the team explains in a recent study in the journal Nature, the 30-minute online training module teaches teenagers to channel their stress responses away from something negative that needs to be feared and tamped down towards recognizing those responses -- sweaty palms, a racing heart, for example -- as a positive driving force.

The intervention works by helping teens develop what the researchers call two "synergistic mindsets."

The first is a growth mindset -- the idea that people's intelligence can be developed in response to challenges, which helps the teenagers engage with difficult stressors. It's "basically the belief that intellectual ability is not fixed but can be developed with effort, effective strategies, and support from others," Jamieson says. "It's the idea that if I push myself, I can grow, I can learn, I can improve, and I can push through difficulties."

The second is a stress-can-be-enhancing mindset -- the idea that people's stress responses are not harmful but instead can fuel a person's performance by helping them persevere and take on difficult challenges. Sweaty palms, a racing heart, and deeper breathing, for example, are physiological changes that "mobilize energy and deliver oxygenated blood to the brain and tissues," says Jamieson.

How does the 'synergistic mindsets intervention' work?

The researchers showed over the course of six double-blind, randomized experiments, conducted in both laboratory and field settings with a total of 4,291 young people (students in grades 8-12 and college undergraduates), that their intervention improved the participants' stress-linked health outcomes, such as their biological responses, psychological well-being, anxiety symptoms during COVID-19 lockdowns, as well as their academic performance.

One of the experiments took place at a rigorous, urban public charter high school where 95 percent of students are Black, African-American or Hispanic/Latinx, and nearly all students (99 percent) come from low-income families. The researchers chose this population because students facing the combination of socioeconomic disadvantages and high academic standards are likely to face chronic, daily stressors, which have the potential to elicit negative stress responses.

The team observed striking results in the most demanding STEM courses where the intervention led to a 63 percent pass rate among students in the synergistic mindsets intervention group, compared to just a 47 percent pass rate for students in the control group.

Here's some of what the researchers taught the teenagers during the intervention

• High school is a time when experiences of difficulty, struggle, and frustration offer opportunities for personal growth.
• The stress that your body feels when you face those experiences is preparing you to learn from challenges.
• People who understand that the brain changes with learning and that the body's stress response facilitates learning are better prepared to address the demands of high school.
• As you approach difficult challenges more often, things that used to be hard begin to feel easier. When something feels really difficult your brain learns how to respond more effectively.

Findings

The data showed that the synergistic mindsets intervention

• Improved physiological responses to stress, including increased delivery of oxygenated blood to the brain and body, and caused a faster return to the body's homeostasis after a challenging event
• Improved psychological well-being (people felt liked, powerful, satisfied, good about themselves, had higher self-esteem, and didn't feel rejected, insecure, or disconnected)
• Reduced negative self-regard, an internalizing symptom that can lead to depression
• Increased academic achievement (measured in pass rates for core classes)
• Decreased anxiety symptoms

"Because mindset interventions like the one we tested could be delivered cost-effectively in national or regional scale-up studies, our research links insights about people's affect regulation with the discovery of actionable intervention methods that might be able to produce real and lasting change for a large group of people," says study coauthor David Yaeger, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, who is an expert on adolescent development and well-being.

The team notes that their intervention applies to growth-promotive stressors, such as formal schooling, the acquisition of new skills, or social evaluative contexts. They caution, however, that this kind of approach would not be suitable for addressing trauma, abuse, or structural inequalities.