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New resource to advance genomics-driven precision medicine

Date:
September 2, 2021
Source:
Garvan Institute of Medical Research
Summary:
Researchers have a new lens by which to understand how genes impact disease.
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By analysing genomic data from more than 30,000 people, an international team has revealed thousands of new regulatory regions that control disease-linked genes -- a resource that is now available to researchers worldwide.

The findings, co-led by the Garvan Institute of Medical Research and published today in Nature Genetics, are a significant step forward for genomics-driven precision medicine and could help identify markers that reveal which patients will benefit most from which treatment.

"In this study we have provided an entirely new view of genetic regulation by uncovering an in-depth picture of how genes and disease are linked. It is the most comprehensive analysis of how human genetic variation affects gene expression to date," says co-senior author Associate Professor Joseph Powell, Director of the Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics and Deputy Director of the UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute.

"Our discovery provides researchers an entirely new perspective on their genes of interest, and will help prioritise genes that may be more relevant for therapeutic intervention. It could also lead us to better markers for tracking disease progression and the efficacy of medicines," says co-senior author Professor Lude Franke from the University Medical Centre Groningen, Netherlands.

New insight on gene activity

To study how human genetic variation affects our risk of disease, researchers often carry out genome-wide association studies, which scan the genomes of patients and look for genetic variants more commonly associated with a specific condition.

But interpreting these results is not straight forward -- instead of directly driving disease, many genetic variants instead regulate the activity of genes, influencing how much of a protein is produced. By pinpointing these regulatory regions, known as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), researchers are able to better understand which genes directly contribute to disease risk and which could be targeted with precision treatments.

In this study, the researchers used specialised machine learning algorithms to analyse genomic data from the blood samples of 31,684 individuals.

"Thanks to the statistical power of this large dataset, we were able to uncover new regulatory regions on the human genome," says Associate Professor Powell. "Instead of just cataloguing the regulatory gene locations that were adjacent (known as cis-eQTLs), we were able to reveal genes that modulated the activity of more distant genes (known as trans-eQTLs)."

Out of the millions of genes they investigated, the researchers found not only that 88% had a cis-eQTL effect, but that 32% of genes also had a trans-eQTL effect further away in the genome, more than half of which they could assign to a biological impact, such as cardiovascular and immune diseases.

Uncovering new genomic links to disease

"While it's clear that genetic variants are almost always a root cause of disease, the mechanism by which they influence disease is far less clear. For instance, while a specific condition may be linked to hundreds of genetic variants, the vast majority contribute to disease by regulating gene activity," says Associate Professor Powell.

"Understanding which genes this regulation 'converges' on will be invaluable to identify targets for new potential medicines. If a pharmaceutical company develops a therapy that targets a certain molecule, our resource can help identify how its expression is regulated and if the genetic background of different patients is likely to impact its efficacy," he adds. "What we've discovered is an entirely new level of genomic information, providing a deeper understanding of biology and disease."

The resource is available to researchers via www.eqtlgen.org.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Garvan Institute of Medical Research. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Urmo Võsa, Annique Claringbould, Harm-Jan Westra, Marc Jan Bonder, Patrick Deelen, Biao Zeng, Holger Kirsten, Ashis Saha, Roman Kreuzhuber, Seyhan Yazar, Harm Brugge, Roy Oelen, Dylan H. de Vries, Monique G. P. van der Wijst, Silva Kasela, Natalia Pervjakova, Isabel Alves, Marie-Julie Favé, Mawussé Agbessi, Mark W. Christiansen, Rick Jansen, Ilkka Seppälä, Lin Tong, Alexander Teumer, Katharina Schramm, Gibran Hemani, Joost Verlouw, Hanieh Yaghootkar, Reyhan Sönmez Flitman, Andrew Brown, Viktorija Kukushkina, Anette Kalnapenkis, Sina Rüeger, Eleonora Porcu, Jaanika Kronberg, Johannes Kettunen, Bernett Lee, Futao Zhang, Ting Qi, Jose Alquicira Hernandez, Wibowo Arindrarto, Frank Beutner, Peter A. C. ’t Hoen, Joyce van Meurs, Jenny van Dongen, Maarten van Iterson, Morris A. Swertz, Marc Jan Bonder, Julia Dmitrieva, Mahmoud Elansary, Benjamin P. Fairfax, Michel Georges, Bastiaan T. Heijmans, Alex W. Hewitt, Mika Kähönen, Yungil Kim, Julian C. Knight, Peter Kovacs, Knut Krohn, Shuang Li, Markus Loeffler, Urko M. Marigorta, Hailang Mei, Yukihide Momozawa, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Matthias Nauck, Michel G. Nivard, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Olli T. Raitakari, Olaf Rotzschke, Eline P. Slagboom, Coen D. A. Stehouwer, Michael Stumvoll, Patrick Sullivan, Peter A. C. ’t Hoen, Joachim Thiery, Anke Tönjes, Jenny van Dongen, Maarten van Iterson, Jan H. Veldink, Uwe Völker, Robert Warmerdam, Cisca Wijmenga, Morris Swertz, Anand Andiappan, Grant W. Montgomery, Samuli Ripatti, Markus Perola, Zoltan Kutalik, Emmanouil Dermitzakis, Sven Bergmann, Timothy Frayling, Joyce van Meurs, Holger Prokisch, Habibul Ahsan, Brandon L. Pierce, Terho Lehtimäki, Dorret I. Boomsma, Bruce M. Psaty, Sina A. Gharib, Philip Awadalla, Lili Milani, Willem H. Ouwehand, Kate Downes, Oliver Stegle, Alexis Battle, Peter M. Visscher, Jian Yang, Markus Scholz, Joseph Powell, Greg Gibson, Tõnu Esko, Lude Franke. Large-scale cis- and trans-eQTL analyses identify thousands of genetic loci and polygenic scores that regulate blood gene expression. Nature Genetics, 2021; DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00913-z

Cite This Page:

Garvan Institute of Medical Research. "New resource to advance genomics-driven precision medicine." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 2 September 2021. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/09/210902124917.htm>.
Garvan Institute of Medical Research. (2021, September 2). New resource to advance genomics-driven precision medicine. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 31, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/09/210902124917.htm
Garvan Institute of Medical Research. "New resource to advance genomics-driven precision medicine." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/09/210902124917.htm (accessed October 31, 2024).

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