Increasing the immune system’s appetite for cancer protectors

"By effectively removing these immune-suppressive cells inside tumors instead of in the whole body, the immune system can attack cancers without causing harmful autoimmune conditions," said study leader Yang-Xin Fu, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Pathology, Immunology, and Radiation Oncology at UT Southwestern. Dr. Fu co-led this study with Anli Zhang, Ph.D., and Zhenhua Ren, Ph.D., two postdoctoral researchers in his lab.

For decades, researchers have known that the immune system not only plays a key role in battling cancers through the direct action of killer T cells and other components, but also opposes these efforts through cells known as regulatory T cells (T_regs). These T_regs help to regulate the immune response by preventing various immune cells from becoming overactive and causing autoimmune diseases. However, they also accumulate in tumors, shielding them from immune attack.

T_regs maintain a balance of two proteins on their surfaces -- CTLA-4 and CD47 -- that respectively broadcast "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals to phagocytes that keep T_regs in check, explained Dr. Fu. Various immunotherapies have sought to boost the "eat me" signal or decrease the "don't eat me signal" to reduce T_regs in tumors. However, each strategy has drawbacks: Increasing the "eat me" signal has systemic effects that spur autoimmunity, while decreasing the "don't eat me" signal has only shown promise for treating blood cancers, such as leukemias.

Searching for a new way to deplete T_regs, Drs. Fu, Zhang, Ren, and their colleagues created a two-arm molecule that simultaneously increases the "eat me" signal while blocking the "don't eat me" signal to prompt phagocytes to consume those immune suppressive cells. When it was injected into mouse models of colon cancer, they found that it preferentially depleted T_regs in tumors without affecting those in the rest of the body, sparing the animals from treatment-induced autoimmune disease. However, dosing these animals with equivalent, separate amounts of the "eat me" booster and "don't eat me" blocker had systemic autoimmune side effects, suggesting that combining them within one molecule is key to reaching T_regs in tumors.

As the number of T_regs decreased with treatment, the animals' tumors shrank significantly. This strategy also worked in mice carrying human lung cancer tumors, suggesting that it could be viable in human patients.

"In the past, there's been no way to get rid of these suppressive T_regs without severe toxicity," Dr. Fu said. "Our study suggests a way to this outcome."

Dr. Fu holds the Mary Nell and Ralph B. Rogers Professorship in Immunology and is a member of the Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, rated as one of the 25 best centers for cancer care in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. He is a consulting adviser to Aetio Biotherapy.

Other researchers who contributed to this study include Huiyu Li, Changzheng Lu, and John D. Minna of UTSW; Kuo-Fu Tseng of Aetio Biotherapy; and Xiaojuan Liu and Yueqi Cai of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Minna holds the Max L. Thomas Distinguished Chair in Molecular Pulmonary Oncology and the Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research.

This work was supported by Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas grants (RR150072 and RP180725) and a National Cancer Institute SPORE grant (P50CA070907).