Without strong mitigation measures, climate change will increase temperature-attributable mortality in Europe

After analysing mortality and temperature data recorded in 16 European countries between 1998 and 2012, the researchers concluded that more than 7% of all deaths registered during this period were attributable to temperature. Cold temperatures had a greater impact on mortality than warm temperatures by a factor of 10.

However, projections based on epidemiological modelling indicated that, if effective mitigation measures are not introduced immediately, this trend could be reversed by the middle of the century, leading to a sharp increase in heat-attributable mortality.

Using the data from 1998-2012 as a baseline, the team combined four climate models to make projections through the end of this century under three different greenhouse gas emission scenarios.

"All of the models show a progressive increase in temperatures and, consequently, a decrease in cold-attributable mortality and an increase in heat-attributable deaths," explained ISGlobal researcher Èrica Martínez, lead author of the study. "The difference between the scenarios lies in the rate at which heat-related deaths increase. The data suggest that the total number of temperature-attributable deaths will stabilise and even decrease in the coming years, but that this will be followed by a very sharp increase, which could occur sometime between the middle and the end of the century, depending on greenhouse gas emissions."

Researcher Marcos Quijal, co-lead author of the study, commented: "In recent decades, warming has occurred at a faster rate in Europe than any other continent. The incidence of this phenomenon is uneven, with Mediterranean countries being more vulnerable than the rest. Our models also project a disproportionate increase in heat-attributable mortality in Mediterranean countries, due to a significant rise in summer temperatures and this greater vulnerability to heat."

The projections indicate a very large increase in deaths due to extreme heat. In fact, under the highest-emission scenario and assuming no adaptation, deaths attributable to extreme heat would outstrip cold-attributable mortality.

"Our findings underscore the urgency of adopting global mitigation measures, since they will not be effective if they are only adopted in specific countries or regions," commented ISGlobal researcher Joan Ballester, last author of the study. "Moreover, one decisive factor not included in our models is our capacity to adapt to new scenarios, which is already helping to reduce our vulnerability to temperatures."

The study was carried out within the framework of EARLY-ADAPT, a project funded by the European Research Council (ERC) that analyses the environmental, socio-economic and demographic factors involved in adaptation to climate change. EARLY-ADAPT aims to improve its projections by analysing the social factors and inequalities in adaptation to climate change and incorporating these factors into its climate and epidemiological models.

This is the first study in this field of research that is based on population-wide epidemiological data and models rather than being restricted to urban populations. The countries analysed were Austria, Belgium, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.