Parasites may accumulate in spleens of asymptomatic individuals infected with malaria
Study suggests immature red blood cells in spleen are targeted for invasion by P. vivax
- Date:
- June 1, 2021
- Source:
- PLOS
- Summary:
- Malaria, a disease caused mainly by the parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, is associated with over 400,000 deaths each year. Previously, the spleen was assumed to mostly play a role in parasite destruction, as it eliminates malaria parasites after antimalarial treatment. A new study suggests that in chronic P. vivax infections, malaria parasites survive and replicate via a previously undetected lifecycle within the spleen.
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Malaria, a disease caused mainly by the parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, (P. vivax) is associated with over 400,000 deaths each year. Previously, the spleen was assumed to mostly play a role in parasite destruction, as it eliminates malaria parasites after antimalarial treatment. A study published in the open access journal PLOS Medicine by Steven Kho and Nicholas Anstey at Menzies School of Health Research, Australia, and international colleagues, suggests that in chronic P. vivax infections, malaria parasites survive and replicate via a previously undetected lifecycle within the spleen.
A large biomass of intact asexual-stage malaria parasites accumulates in the spleen of asymptomatic human subjects infected with Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax). However, the mechanisms underlying this intense reaction are unknown. To better understand the accumulation of malaria parasites in the spleen, researchers examined the spleen tissue in twenty-two individuals naturally exposed to P. vivax and P. falciparum undergoing splenectomy in Papua, Indonesia between 2015-2017. The authors then analysed the density of infection, parasites and immature red blood cells, as well as their distribution throughout the spleen.
The researchers found that the human spleen is a reservoir for immature red blood cells that are targeted by P. vivax for invasion, and that the examined spleens contained a substantial hidden biomass of malaria parasites, with densities hundreds to thousands of times higher than in circulating peripheral blood, suggesting an undetectable endosplenic lifecycle in asymptomatic P. vivax infections. The study had several limitations, such as the small sample size and asymptomatic status of all individuals included in the study. Future research should include acute, symptomatic malaria cases.
According to the authors, "Our findings provide a major contribution to the understanding of malaria biology and pathology and provide insight into P. vivax specific adaptations that have evolved to maximise survival and replication in the spleen."
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Journal Reference:
- Steven Kho, Labibah Qotrunnada, Leo Leonardo, Benediktus Andries, Putu A. I. Wardani, Aurelie Fricot, Benoit Henry, David Hardy, Nur I. Margyaningsih, Dwi Apriyanti, Agatha M. Puspitasari, Pak Prayoga, Leily Trianty, Enny Kenangalem, Fabrice Chretien, Valentine Brousse, Innocent Safeukui, Hernando A. del Portillo, Carmen Fernandez-Becerra, Elamaran Meibalan, Matthias Marti, Ric N. Price, Tonia Woodberry, Papa A. Ndour, Bruce M. Russell, Tsin W. Yeo, Gabriela Minigo, Rintis Noviyanti, Jeanne R. Poespoprodjo, Nurjati C. Siregar, Pierre A. Buffet, Nicholas M. Anstey. Evaluation of splenic accumulation and colocalization of immature reticulocytes and Plasmodium vivax in asymptomatic malaria: A prospective human splenectomy study. PLOS Medicine, 2021; 18 (5): e1003632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003632
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