Study reveals cancer immunotherapy patients at most risk of life-threatening side effects

"Understanding the risk factors for predicting high-grade toxicities will help in appropriately selecting patients most likely to tolerate immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy," says co-senior author Yevgeniy R. Semenov, MD, an investigator in the Department of Dermatology at MGH. "It will also help to identify higher risk patients who should be carefully monitored if they initiate this therapy."

To this end, Semenov and his colleagues analyzed information from a national health insurance claims database, identifying 14,378 patients with cancer who received immune checkpoint inhibitors in the United States between 2011 and 2019. The team found that 3.5% of patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors experienced side effects that required patients to be hospitalized and to receive immunosuppression treatments (to counteract the effects of the immune checkpoint inhibitors).

"We found that younger age, melanoma, and kidney cancer were each predictive of the development of severe immunotherapy toxicities," says Semenov. Patients also faced a higher risk if they received multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors, rather than just one type.

"This study provides the foundation for studying severe immunotherapy toxicities using a Big Data analytic framework, which will be necessary when understanding the impact of these life-saving medications across diverse populations," says Semenov. "Also, it is the first step in developing robust clinical risk prediction models to identify patients at highest risk for the development of life-threatening treatment complications."