US 1 of 8 nations where child and adolescent health improved but maternal mortality worsened

This divergent trend also was found in American Samoa, Canada, Greece, Guam, Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Zimbabwe. Of these countries, the United States had the largest increase in maternal mortality rate at 67.5%.

"Our findings are particularly alarming because the health of children is very closely linked to that of their mothers," said Dr. Nicholas Kassebaum, a senior author on the study and adjunct associate professor at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington School of Medicine. "This paradox warrants closer investigation in the United States to determine how we can prioritize health improvements for mothers alongside those for children and adolescents."

Kassebaum emphasized the study also identifies uneven progress in child and adolescent health over the 27-year study period, with inequity increasing between countries with the highest and lowest Socio-demographic Index (SDI) scores. SDI, a measure of development, takes into account per capita income, adult education, and total fertility rate for women under 25 years old.

For example, findings show the gap between the best and worst performers has widened. Low-SDI and low-middle-SDI countries experienced 82.2% of all child and adolescent deaths, up from 70.9% in 1990.

Published today in the international medical journal JAMA Pediatrics, the study covers 1990 to 2017 and 195 countries and territories. A part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, this new analysis is a comprehensive effort to quantify child and adolescent health internationally. Findings are presented for the collective age group of birth to 19 years, but also separately for neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. Study authors defined neonates as those younger than 28 days, infants as those younger than 1 year, children as those younger than 10 years, and adolescents as those aged 10 to 19 years.

Researchers found children today are more likely than ever to reach their 20th birthdays as a result of substantial mortality reductions. Child and adolescent deaths were halved between 1990 and 2017, falling from 13.8 million to 6.6 million. These dramatic gains were largely due to global declines in deaths from diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases, especially among children aged 1-4 years, who saw the most rapid reduction in mortality.

Despite this considerable progress, lower respiratory infections, diarrhea, and acute malnutrition remained among the top killers of children and adolescents globally in 2017. Furthermore, HIV/AIDS remains an imminent threat to the health and well-being of older children and adolescents in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, and Zambia.

With reductions in mortality from communicable diseases, many middle- and high-income countries have experienced increased health loss from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as congenital birth defects, mental and behavioral disorders, and asthma. Injuries also continue to be a major cause of early mortality and long-term disability among older children and adolescents in all countries.

"An emerging threat is the large and growing burden of mental health and substance use disorders among older children and adolescents globally," said Dr. Bobby Reiner, lead author on the study and assistant professor at IHME. "As more children survive infancy, already overburdened health systems will need to adapt to the challenge of addressing non-communicable diseases among older children and adolescents."

Reiner also noted that few countries showed any evidence of health improvements among adolescents over the 27-year period beyond what was expected with general gains in societal development.

Additional findings include:

• More than half of the 6.64 million deaths in 2017 occurred in infants younger than 1 year, and of those, 47% occurred in the first week of life.
• There were a total of 50 countries where the probability of death by self-harm and interpersonal violence increased between 1990 and 2017.
• Every country in sub-Saharan Africa had either neonatal disorders, malaria, or HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), with either diarrhea or lower respiratory infections often ranked second.
• In 2017, the top 10 causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) globally were iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, headache, conduct disorder, neonatal disorders, anxiety disorder, skin diseases, lower back pain, congenital disorders, and depression.
• Rates of YLDs decreased only slightly between 1990 and 2017, and increased with age.

DEATHS, BOTH SEXES, 2017

Under 20 years

1. India: 1,299,265 deaths
2. Nigeria: 866,170
3. Pakistan: 421,784
4. Democratic Republic of the Congo: 286,991
5. China: 243,609
6. Ethiopia: 232,389
7. Indonesia: 147,791
8. Bangladesh: 143,528
9. Tanzania: 138,382
10. Mali: 113,600

DEATHS, BOTH SEXES, 1990

Under 20 years

1. India: 3,399,581 deaths
2. China: 1,629,696
3. Nigeria: 877,069
4. Bangladesh: 654,730
5. Pakistan: 601,805
6. Ethiopia: 471,391
7. Indonesia: 470,377
8. Democratic Republic of the Congo: 299,385
9. Brazil: 267,476
10. Tanzania: 188,343

PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN DEATHS, BOTH SEXES, 1990-2017

Under 20 years -- largest decrease

1. Serbia: -86.9% (4,839 to 636 deaths)
2. Armenia: -86.6% (3,836 to 514)
3. Estonia: -86.5% (611 to 82)
4. China: -85.0% (1,629,696 to 243,609)
5. Maldives: -84.8% (488 to 74)
6. Latvia: -84.5% (1,066 to 165)
7. Albania: -84.0% (4,070 to 651)
8. Portugal: -83.5% (3,013 to 499)
9. South Korea: -82.7% (14,748 to 2,545)
10. Romania: -82.3% (13,607 to 2,411)

Under 20 years -- largest increase

1. Papua New Guinea: 40.5% (12,624 to 17,736)
2. Vanuatu: 36.1% (238 to 324)
3. Chad: 31.0% (67,124 to 87,908)
4. Central African Republic: 24.3% (21,360 to 26,545)
5. Zimbabwe: 12.5% (28,549 to 32,117)
6. Iraq: 10.8% (40,510 to 44,894)
7. South Sudan: 9.2% (48,460 to 52,897)
8. Qatar: 4.9% (287 to 301)
9. Afghanistan: 4.2% (96,809 to 100,823)
10. United Arab Emirates: 2.8% (1,431 to 1,471)