What seabirds can tell us about the tide

Using seabirds to tell us about the tide could be especially useful for the marine renewable energy industry. Generating tidal energy requires detailed knowledge of current speeds. Scientists and engineers traditionally measure tides by using radar or deploying anchors and buoys with scientific instruments. However, these scouting methods are challenging and expensive. If tagged seabirds could provide tidal data over a large area, they could help identify sites that would be good sources of tidal energy.

Cooper's supervisors at Bangor University knew of his interest in tidal energy and data collection, so they suggested he look into seabird data collected by theRSPBto see whether it would be possible to extract tidal information from it. A few years earlier, from 2011 to 2014, aRSPBteam had fittedGPStags on razorbills on Puffin Island, North Wales, to study their distribution and breeding and feeding behaviours. These black and white seabirds, similar to puffins and guillemots, only come ashore to breed. They spend most of their time at sea, foraging or resting on the ocean surface.

The data collected when the birds were sitting on the sea surface for hours on end were interesting in terms of bird behaviour, but the Bangor University researchers saw another potential use. "We took data that was discarded from the original study and applied it to test a hypothesis in a different area of research," says Cooper. "As far as we are aware, this paper is the first to describe the use of tagged seabirds for measuring currents of any kind," the researchers write in their Ocean Science study.

The non-invasiveGPStags on the razorbills recorded their position every 100 seconds. With a set of positions and a known time between each of them, the scientists could calculate the speed and direction of the birds' movements. After the sun set, the birds spent long periods at rest on the sea surface, drifting passively with the current. "[At these times] their changing position would reflect the movement of water at the ocean's surface," Cooper explains.

With speeds of more than 1 metre per second, the average tidal currents in the area of the Irish Sea the researchers focused on are very fast, faster than a razorbill can paddle, but much slower than the speeds the birds reach when flying. This means the team could filter out the times when the birds were flying. In addition, the filtered data showed that, when the birds were drifting, the direction of movement changed at the times of low and high tide, when the currents in the area were expected to change from ebb to flow and vice-versa. Therefore, the team could be sure that they were tracking the speed and direction of sea currents rather than the birds' independent movements.

Using seabirds to measure tidal currents has limitations. "We must remember that these birds are behaving naturally and we cannot determine where they go," says Cooper. But the Ocean Science study shows there is potential for this inexpensive method to provide crucial tidal information over a wide area. By studying other tagged seabirds, we could learn more about our oceans, especially in more remote regions where it is challenging to collect oceanographic data.

Cooper also hopes the method can reduce the costs of generating tidal renewable energy, "which has been a barrier to the development of this much needed industry."