Key to improved cancer immunotherapy

Immunotherapy, the use of the immune system to fight cancer, is revolutionizing treatment of this disease, and was selected by the journal Science as the major scientific advance of 2013. According to study leader David Sancho, "Cancer escapes the control of the immune system because the cytotoxic T lymphocytes that could recognize and eliminate tumor cells are inhibited. Current immunotherapy is based the reactivation of these T lymphocytes; however, little is known about how they can be generated more effectively, and in particular how immune memory can be triggered to prevent the development of tumors and metastasis."

The CNIC research team generated cytotoxic memory T cells specifically targeting cancer by using different methods for vaccination with tumor antigens. Depending on the vaccination method, the memory T lymphocytes obtained circulate between the blood and tissues or reside in the tissues and do not recirculate. Tissue-resident memory T cells were known to be more efficient at fighting viral reinfection, but their contribution to anti-tumor immunity was unknown until now.

Describing the study, first author Michel Enamorado explains how the team "compared the efficiency of anti-tumor immunity conferred by each type of memory T cell, and we found that the circulating and tissue-resident memory cells cooperate to generate the optimal response. Tissue-resident memory cells generate an alert state that attracts and reactivates the circulating memory cells, resulting in a faster and more effective immune response."

Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes

Another cancer immunotherapy approach already used in patients is the adoptive transfer of tumor-targeting T cells. The authors demonstrate that transferred circulating memory T cells are able to convert themselves into resident memory cells in the context of infection and cancer. Moreover, the efficiency of immunotherapy was further increased by combining this adoptive transfer with the current clinical strategy of reactivating the T cell antitumor response with antibodies to the receptor PD-1. The authors also found that reactivation of the anti-tumor response in cytotoxic memory T cells requires the DC1 subtype of dendritic cells.

The study suggests that an optimal anti-tumor immune response requires the generation of both circulating and tissue-resident T cell memory. Both memory T cells subtypes can be reactivated with current immunotherapy treatments, and reactivation of both requires DC1 dendritic cells. Cancer immunotherapy is not simply a treatment that can effectively promote the rejection of primary tumors; above all, it is a fundamental tool for impeding metastasis after surgery to remove the primary tumor.