Expert calls for shorter radiation use in prostate cancer treatment

Moderate hypofractionation consists of four to five weeks of daily radiation treatments. Currently, standard treatment nationwide involves daily treatments that can last up to nine weeks.

"Moderate hypofractionation is high-quality, patient-friendly cancer care at lower cost," Bekelman said. "It is equivalent to longer radiation schedules in curing prostate cancer, has similar side effects, and is more convenient. Men can get back to their lives more quickly, which means less time away from the activities they enjoy and less time distracted by their cancer treatments."

Radiation therapy, along with surgery, hormone therapy, and active surveillance -- known as watchful waiting -- has been a mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer in the United States. Overall, about one-third of men with prostate cancer receive some type of radiation therapy. For men older than 65, radiation therapy is the most common prostate cancer treatment.

Moderate hypofractionation uses a slightly higher dosage of radiation for each daily treatment compared to what is currently used for most other radiation regimens in the United States. Three multi-center randomized trials compared the shorter and longer approaches. All told, the CHHiP, NRG 0415, and PROFIT trials looked at 5,537 patients with mostly low and intermediate risk prostate cancer. They showed both approaches led to similar cancer control as well as similar side effects -- as measured by doctors and as reported by patients themselves. The results held across different ages and races and despite the severity of the disease. There was also no change based on whether patients had undergone hormone therapy, a common treatment for prostate cancer which lowers the male hormone and can be combined with daily radiation.

Bekelman points out that fewer radiation treatments not only means less out-of-pocket costs and fewer visits to treatment centers for patients; it also means lower costs for payers and employers.

"This is a win-win-win for patients, payers, and employers," Bekelman said, "The field of radiation oncology should be recognized for technical advances in clinical care that have achieved safe, effective, curative treatment for prostate cancer in fewer weeks."

While moderate hypofractionation should now be discussed routinely with patients, Bekelman cautions the trials do not offer any evidence for more extreme regimens lasting as few as five radiation treatments. These much shorter courses may have additional risks and remain under study in several large U.S. and European clinical trials.

This is not the first time Bekelman has argued for moderately shorter radiation schedules. Two years ago, he found two-thirds of women treated for early-stage breast cancer in the U.S. receive longer radiation therapy than necessary, despite research that pointed to the need for change years earlier. This time around, he says he doesn't want to see this history of overtreatment repeat itself.

"If we take a clear-eyed look at the evidence, it is unmistakable that many men can get radiation in 4 to 5 weeks, a shorter time frame than in the past," Bekelman said. "We should move forward to adopt moderate hypofractionation radiation schedules in routine care for appropriate men with prostate cancer."