Why we rely on inaccurate information

In a new published review, Northwestern University psychologist David Rapp explains that people quickly 'download' the inaccurate statements into memory because it's easier than critically evaluating and analyzing what they've heard.

Later, the brain pulls up the incorrect information first because it's less work to retrieve recently presented material," Rapp said. "If it's available, people tend to think they can rely on it. But just because you can remember what someone said, doesn't make it true."

It's even harder to avoid relying on misinformation when accurate and inaccurate information is mixed together, said Rapp, the Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence at the School of Education and Social Policy and a professor the department of psychology at the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.

"We're bombarded with tons of information all day; it's a nightmare to critically evaluate all of it," said Rapp, who coedited and contributed to the book "Processing Inaccurate Information."

"We often assume sources are reliable. It's not that people are lazy, though that could certainly contribute to the problem. It's the computational task of evaluating everything that is arduous and difficult, as we attempt to preserve resources for when we really need them."

In the political arena, "many candidates present information that's just patently wrong, they haven't thought about it or researched it," Rapp said. "Then you go on Facebook and see 'friends' presenting the incorrect information."

In his review, published in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science, Rapp outlines several ways to avoid falling into the misinformation trap:

• Critically evaluate information right away. That may help prevent your brain from storing the wrong information. "You want to avoid encoding those potentially problematic memories," Rapp said.
• Consider the source: People are more likely to use inaccurate information from a credible source than from an unreliable source, according to Rapp's previous research. "At this point, it's even clear to Donald Trump's proponents that his words are often nonsensical," Rapp said. "But his strong supporters who want him to be right will do less work to evaluate his statements."
• Beware of truthy falsehoods. "When the truth is mixed with inaccurate statements, people are persuaded, fooled and less evaluative, which prevents them from noticing and rejecting the inaccurate ideas," Rapp said. For example, Trump initially said he saw the video of money changing hands for kidnapped individuals in Iran; he later retracted it. At the same time, news outlets reported there actually was a video.

"Trump just says things, but once you can get them encoded into people's memories, they believe it, use it or rely on it," Rapp said. "Disentangling truth from falsehoods when they are mixed up from different sources makes the challenge even more difficult."