Climate change impairs survival instincts of fish and can make them swim towards predators

Research into the impact of rising CO₂ has shown it can disrupt the senses of fish including their smell, hearing and vision.

High CO₂ levels can impair the way they behave, including making them swim towards predator smells instead of away and even ignoring the sounds that normally deter them from risky habitats.

According to a paper published in the journal Global Change Biology by Dr Robert Ellis and Dr Rod Wilson, climate-change marine biologists at Exeter University, these abnormal behaviours have been linked to the effect of CO₂ on how the brain processes signals from sensory organs.

CO₂ levels are predicted to be 2.5 times higher in the oceans by the end of this century.

The report's authors Dr Robert Ellis and Dr Rod Wilson believe that fish farms, may be the key to establishing the long-term impact of CO₂ on marine life.

In their paper, Lessons from two high CO₂ worlds: future oceans and intensive aquaculture, Dr. Ellis and Dr. Wilson, alongside a colleague from Chile (Dr. Urbina), show that farmed fish often live in CO₂ conditions 10 times higher than their wild cousins.

The scientists believe that further study of farmed fish -- which already provides as much seafood for human consumption as that caught in the wild -- may be crucial for understanding how aquatic species will evolve to climate change.

The captive fish farm populations living in high CO₂ levels already amount to "a giant long-term laboratory experiment."

"Aquaculture may provide an 'accidental' long-term experiment that can help climate-change predictions," said Dr. Ellis. "There is the enticing possibility that fish and shellfish previously grown in high CO₂ aquaculture conditions over multiple generations can offer valuable insights regarding the potential for aquatic animals in the wild to adapt to the predicted further increases in CO₂."

The aquaculture industry may also benefit from what the climate change scientists study too. The abnormal behaviour seen in wild fish may not matter in farmed fish, as they are provided with abundant food and shelter and they have no predators to avoid. But while extremely high CO₂ can reduce digestion efficiency in cod, recent research suggests that relatively small increases in CO₂ may actually act as a growth stimulant in some fish.

Dr. Rod Wilson said: "Our research will allow fish farmers to optimise conditions, and specifically CO₂ levels, to improve growth and health of their fish, profitability and the long-term sustainability of the industry. This is really important given that aquaculture is the only way we will increase seafood production to feed the growing human population, particularly given wild fish stocks are overexploited."