Neurological diseases share common blood-brain barrier defects

To protect the brain from harm, endothelial cells lining the blood vessels around the brain form a barrier that lets only very specific molecules move from the blood to the brain. In people with certain diseases or brain injuries, the barrier doesn't work properly and can allow dangerous molecules or pathogens into the brain.

"Our goal is to identify the mechanisms that lead to this disruption of the blood-brain barrier in stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, ALS and traumatic brain injury," said Richard Daneman, Ph.D., fellow at the University of California -- San Diego, and leader of the research team. "For these diseases, the blood-brain barrier dysfunction is a significant contributor to symptoms and disease progression, so if we can stop the endothelial cells from going down this path, we could possibly limit the progression and the severity of these diseases."

Daneman is member of the American Association of Anatomists (AAA) and was awarded the 2015 AAA Morphological Sciences Award in recognition of his research. He will present this research at the AAA Annual Meeting during Experimental Biology 2015.

To identify molecular pathways and genes that are important for blood-brain barrier dysfunction, Daneman developed a way to isolate blood-brain barrier endothelial cells and compare gene expression in cells from healthy brain tissue to cells from the brains of mouse models of stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury and ALS.

"Even though the diseases we looked at all have different triggers, we see very similar genes changing in all the different diseases within the brain endothelial cells," said Daneman. "The fact that we found a common pathway means we could potentially find a single therapeutic target that could stop these different neurological diseases from occurring or progressing."

To learn more about the exact function of genes they identified as involved in blood-brain barrier dysfunction, the researchers plan to create genetically modified mice with brain endothelial cells that either overexpress or lack a given gene. "If we can develop methods to stop these genes from being turned on, we may be able to limit the blood-brain barrier dysfunction," Daneman said.