Analysis of 'black drink' residue in prehistoric native american ceramic vessels

Black drink is a caffeinated tea-like beverage brewed from holly leaves and stems that was used during cleansing rituals and religious ceremonies. The ceramic vessels tested date to approximately 1050-1250 A.D. and are associated with the prehistoric Native American civilization of Cahokia, once located near present-day St. Louis.

Chemists at Millsaps College's W.M. Keck Center for Instrumental and Biochemical Comparative Archaeology in Jackson, Miss. designed and developed the methods to identify the chemical compounds found in residue from porous, unglazed mug-shaped ceramic containers excavated from sites in Missouri and Illinois. Ward and Gu led the development of the chemical methods and oversaw the chemical analysis and data generation. The chemists differentiated between the presences of several substances to identify a chemical signature, or bio-marker, for the holly species Ilex. The work was funded in part by the W.M. Keck Foundation.

A remarkable aspect of the research project is that undergraduate students from Millsaps College conducted the chemical analysis, working under the direction of Ward and Gu.

"At Millsaps, students in the sciences learn to operate sophisticated instruments and participate in research normally reserved for graduate students in the latter years of graduate study," Ward said. "Such notable experiences build the resumes of Millsaps graduates in ways that make our students sought after by graduate research programs and medical schools. Interestingly, the most often asked question of our students at the various national and international meetings where we present is always, "Did you really do that work yourself?'"

Millsaps students, Syed Ali of Madison, Miss., Marlaina Berch of Sturgis, Miss., and Erin Redman of Carrboro, N. C., are acknowledged in the published article of the findings, "Ritual Black Drink consumption at Cahokia."

Since conducting the research, Berch and Redman graduated from Millsaps with bachelor's degrees in chemistry. Berch is a medical student in the Rural Physicians Program at the University of Mississippi School of Medicine, and Redman is studying analytical chemistry at the graduate level at the University of North Carolina. Ali, a biochemistry major, is a junior at Millsaps College.

"One thing impressive and interesting about the Keck Center at Millsaps is that it is staffed with a diverse group of undergraduates with unique backgrounds," Gu said. "We have students born in America, Vietnam and Pakistan as well as international students that have come from China and Rwanda. Students not only work together in the lab, but they build friendships and learn from each other's unique perspectives, exchanging their favorite music, stories from their native country, ideologies and their dreams.

"The Keck Lab is a small reflection of Millsaps culture, a culture that will prepare students for a world full of diversity, a world in which the great things can only be achieved by working with people from different background and perspective."

Sociologists and chemists cited equally as authors in the study are Gu; Ward; University of New Mexico Distinguished Professor of Anthropology Patricia Crown, working with Thomas E. Emerson from the Illinois State Archeological Survey, Prairie Research Institute and University of Illinois, Champaign; W. Jeffrey Hurst at the Hershey Technical Center in Hershey, Penn.; and Timothy R. Pauketat from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana.

The release of evidence for black drink consumption is the second major announcement this summer using findings from Millsaps College's Keck Center. The center announced that scientists had detected evidence of the presence of cacao in ancient ceramic pottery recovered from a Maya archaeological site in Yucatán, Mexico, making it the earliest documented evidence of the use of cacao in the Northern Maya Lowlands.

Millsaps College's Keck Center is the only archaeometric laboratory in the United States devoted exclusively to undergraduate research and study. Millsaps students work in the field and the laboratory identifying everything from early chocolate usage among the Maya to recipes for ancient wine and food from Albania and Greece. Students have helped make breakthrough discoveries on the use of metals in Europe and the development of early trade in Yucatán.

The Keck Center allows Millsaps students to examine the past by studying the chemistry of and the ancient residues on artifacts. The $1.2 million laboratory consists of a suite of archaeometric instruments, allowing students to perform research in ICP-, GC- and LC- Mass Spectrometry, laser ablation and Portable X-Ray Florescence spectrometry.