Self-defense strategies of moss

More than a hundred years later chemists from Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena (Germany) found a possible answer: "Moss is capable of building up chemical compounds that protect them from enemies," says Prof. Dr. Georg Pohnert of Jena University. Ernst Stahl had come to the same conclusion after tests. Now the holder of the Chair of Instrumental analytics and his team succeeded in identifying these compounds and in demonstrating their pest repellent properties. The chemists working with Prof. Pohnert published their research results in the latest edition of the journal Angewandte Chemie.

What spoils the snails´ appetite for moss are oxylipins. "These are compounds which are formed from unsaturated fatty acids by pathways involving oxidation when the moss is being damaged," Prof. Pohnert explains. The Jena chemists analysed the moss Dicranum scoparium, also known as ordinary Broom Fork-moss that can be found in nearly all European woods. During their research the scientists found many formerly unknown compounds, among them new, very unusual oxylipins.

"Motivated by the observation that in other organisms, oxylipins often work directly as defence metabolites or are part of the regulation of defence mechanisms, we have analysed the impact of these compounds more accurately," says Prof. Pohnert, who, along with his group, so far focused on the chemical defence strategies of marine organisms. To prove the retardant impact of oxylipins against snail damage, Jena scientists engaged two well known "experts" -- the slugs Arion lusitanicus which were being offered two salad leaves. One leaf was treated with oxylipins that had been extracted from moss; the other salad leaf had only been sprayed with the solvent methanol. "Almost without exception the snails choose the leaves that didn't contain oxylipins, even when we diluted the substances a thousand times in comparison to the concentration in moss," reports Martin Rempt, a postgraduate in Pohnert´s team.

Prof. Pohnert thinks that these results could be used in the future to develop an organic repellent against slugs and other pests. That would be an ecological alternative to so-called "Schneckenkorn" (Snail Poison) that very often poses a potential danger not only for birds and other enemies of snails, but also for pets. The research will be extended to further moss species in the future.