Biocomposites Put The Plant Into The Auto Plant - And More

The rapidly diminishing oil supply and increasing oil consumption in North America are driving researchers to look carefully at replacements for petro-chemical products.

This week at the 222nd National Conference of the American Chemical Society (ACS), MSU researchers are presenting four papers outlining methods to turn plants into composite materials, said Lawrence Drzal, director of the Composite Materials and Structures Center.

"There is a growing acceptance that there have to be more environmentally friendly processes and products," Drzal said. "But consumers aren't going to accept products based only on environmental considerations; these products must perform and be cost-effective to be competitive."

Two of MSU's papers deal with composite materials made with reinforcing fibers derived from plants and combined with petroleum-based plastics, and two papers present results that replace all of the petroleum-based plastic with sustainable, plant-based plastic.

Biocomposites are gaining acceptance in everything from automotive manufacturing to bridge building because they can be made stronger and cheaper than with traditional plastic and glass fiber. These "green" composite materials turn fibers from plants such as cotton, jute, kenaf, flax or hemp and plastics from soybean, wastepaper, corn and sugar into lightweight, strong and stiff materials through innovative research.

Bio-composite materials, Drzal said, have several advantages. Since they are renewable-based, bio-composites would reduce dependency on petroleum. The cost for composite materials can be reduced with large-scale usage. Potential harmful effects related to materials processing and disposal could be eliminated due to their potential biodegradability. MSU researchers at the center are successfully developing and designing bio-plastics as well as new methods for making them economically.

Natural fibers have significant advantages over glass fibers as reinforcements in composite materials, Drzal said. Natural plant fibers, extracted, cleaned and product-ready, cost roughly 25 cents per pound versus 75 cents per pound for glass fiber. Natural fibers have several advantages over traditional glass fibers, including low cost, low density, acceptable specific strength and stiffness, enhanced energy recovery, carbon dioxide sequestration and biodegradability.

The environmental impact is significant beyond the landfill. The high-fiber plants commonly used for composites are easily grown, require few pesticides and can be rotated with traditional food crops. Glass fibers require significant energy outlays for production.

At the ACS conference, the MSU research team presents technological advancements to best turn crops into desktops. Replacing established manufacturing processes will take time. Drzal said the trick will be creating processes that closely duplicate current manufacturing practices - such as producing a thin sheet of bio-composite that could be stamped like sheet metal.

Among MSU Composite Materials and Structures Center papers and posters to be presented at the ACS conference:

Environmentally benign powder impregnation processing and role of novel water-based coupling agents in natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites - Paper, 11:20 a.m. Monday, Aug. 27, McCormick Place South, Room S101B, Level 1. This paper offers a look at a new method of processing natural fibers to create biocomposites identified as bio-composite stampable sheet processing - sort of a fiber-based sheet metal that can be used to fabricate future generations of composites for automotive, building and consumer goods applications.

Environmentally friendly "green" biodegradable composites from natural fiber and cellulosic plastic - Poster, 6 p.m. Tuesday, Aug. 28, Hyatt Regency Chicago Riverside Center. Cellulosic plastics are considered as the bio-polymers of the future. Creating bio-plastic from waste materials such as recycled paper or sugarcane is one way to make products environmentally friendly. Right now, cellulosic plastics are expensive, but at MSU scientists are experimenting with ways to use various inexpensive bio-fibers as reinforcements with cellulosic plastic to develop sustainable bio-composites for flexibility and strength.

Eco-friendly composite materials from biodegradable polymers: bio-composites to nanocomposites -Paper, 2:30 p.m. Thursday, Aug. 30, McCormick Place South Room S103A. Sustainability, industrial ecology and green chemistry are the new principles that are guiding the development of the next generation of products and processes. By embedding natural fibers such as kenaf, hemp, jute, sisal, flax, henequen, pineapple leaf fiber and coconut fibers into renewable resource-based bio-polymers such as soy-plastic, cellulosic plastic, starch plastic and corn-based plastic, new bio-composites are continuously being developed at MSU. The bio-plastics are developed through reactive extrusion processing. Through nanoclay reinforcement of bio-plastic, researchers are developing green nanocomposites.