Marsquakes may help reveal whether liquid water exists underground on red planet

When quakes rumble and move through aquifers deep underground, they produce electromagnetic signals. The researchers reported in the journal JGR Planets how those signals, if also produced on Mars, could identify water miles under the surface. The study may lay the groundwork for future analyses of data from Mars missions, according to Nolan Roth, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Geosciences at Penn State and lead author.

"The scientific community has theories that Mars used to have oceans and that, over the course of its history, all that water went away," Roth said. "But there is evidence that some water is trapped somewhere in the subsurface. We just haven't been able to find it. The idea is, if we can find these electromagnetic signals, then we find water on Mars."

If scientists want to find water on Earth, they can use tools like ground-penetrating radar to map the subsurface. But this technology is not effective miles under the surface, depths where water may be on Mars, the scientists said.

Instead, the researchers recommend a novel application of the seismoelectric method, a newer technique developed to non-invasively characterize Earth's subsurface. When seismic waves from an earthquake move through an aquifer underground, differences in how rocks and water move produce electromagnetic fields. These signals, which can be heard by sensors on the surface, can reveal information about aquifer depth, volume, location and chemical compositions, according to the researchers.

"If we listen to the marsquakes that are moving through the subsurface, if they pass through water, they'll create these wonderful, unique signals of electromagnetic fields," Roth said. "These signals would be diagnostic of current, modern-day water on Mars."

On water-rich Earth, using this method to identify active aquifers is challenging because water exists in the subsurface even outside of aquifers, creating other electric signals as seismic waves move through the ground. This background noise must be separated from the aquifers' signals, the scientists said, for accurate identification and characterization.

"On Mars, where the near-surface is certainly desiccated, no such separation is needed," said Tieyuan Zhu, associate professor of geosciences at Penn State and Roth's adviser and co-author. "In contrast to how seismoelectric signals often appear on Earth, Mars' surface naturally removes the noise and exposes useful data that allows us to characterize several aquifer properties."

The researchers created a model of the Martian subsurface and added aquifers to simulate how the seismoelectric method would perform. They found they could successfully use the technique to analyze details about the aquifers, including how thick or thin they are and their physical and chemical properties, like salinity.

"If we can understand the signals, we can go back and characterize the aquifers themselves," Roth said. "And that would give us more constraints than we've ever had before for understanding water on Mars today and how it has changed over the last 4 billion years. And that would be a big step ahead."

Roth said future work will -- surprisingly -- involve analyzing data already collected on Mars.

NASA's Insight lander, launched in 2018, delivered a seismometer to Mars that has been listening to marsquakes and mapping the subsurface. But seismometers have difficulty distinguishing water from gas or less dense rock.

However, the mission also included a magnetometer as a diagnostic tool to help the seismometer. Combing data from the magnetometer and the seismometer could reveal seismoelectric signals, the scientists said.

Sending a dedicated magnetometer meant to conduct scientific experiments on future NASA missions could potentially produce even better results, the researchers said.

"This shouldn't be limited to Mars -- the technique has potential, for example, to measure the thickness of icy oceans on a moon of Jupiter," Zhu said. "The message we want to give the community is there is this promising physical phenomena -- which received less attention in the past -- that may have great potential for planetary geophysics."

Yongxin Gao, professor at Hefei University of Technology in China, also contributed.

The Penn State E. Willard and Ruby S. Miller Fellowship and the National Natural Science Foundation of China supported researchers involved on this work.